This site uses cookies for user authentication, optional permanent login and monitoring the number of page views (Google Analytics).
Do you agree with cookies being used in accordance with our Privacy policy? You can change your decision regarding the use of cookies on the Privacy page.

I want to know more

Horizons of Psychology :: Psihološka obzorja

Scientific and Professional Psychological Journal of the Slovenian Psychologists' Association

Indexed in:
Scopus
PsycINFO
Academic OneFile

Member of DOAJ and CrossRef

sien
CONTENTS FOR AUTHORS ABOUT EDITORIAL BOARD LINKS

Search

My Account

Most viewed articles

 

« Back to Volume 30 (2021)

flag Pojdi na slovensko stran članka / Go to the article page in Slovene


The effect of cognitive computer training in active older adults

Karin Bakračevič, Veronika Horvat, Vojko Kavčič & Anja Knez

pdf Full text (pdf)  |  Views: 361  |  flagWritten in Slovene.  |  Published: May 7, 2021

pdf https://doi.org/10.20419/2021.30.538  |  Cited By: CrossRef (0)

Abstract: Ageing of population and related cognitive decline have contributed to an increased interest in cognitive computer training as one of options for maintaining cognitive abilities. Our research was aimed at verifying how cognitive computer training affected cognitive abilities as well as how it was connected with initial cognitive abilities and life satisfaction of active older adults. The research comprised 46 subjects of whom 25 received cognitive computer training and the remainder were assigned to a passive control group. Before and after the intervention, both groups were tested with a test battery which consisted of a demographic questionnaire and objective tests of cognitive abilities. The outcomes showed a statistically significant effects of cognitive computer training on visuospatial abilities and attention, as well as on short-term memory and working memory. However, there was no notable difference in verbal domain, as had been anticipated. We have also noticed profound effects of cognitive computer training on individuals with lower cognitive abilities in visuo-spatial domain, short-term memory, verbal fluency and information processing speed.

Keywords: cognitive computer training, active older adults, cognitive abilities, life satisfaction


Cite:
Bakračevič, K., Horvat, V., Kavčič, V., & Knez, A. (2021). Učinek kognitivnega računalniškega treninga pri aktivnih starejših odraslih [The effect of cognitive computer training in active older adults]. Psihološka obzorja, 30, 34–46. https://doi.org/10.20419/2021.30.538


Reference list


Agrell, B., & Dehlin, O. (1998). The clock-drawing test. Age and Ageing Advance Access, 27 (3), 399–403. CrossRef

Baddeley, A. (1992). Working memory. Science, 255(5044), 556–559. CrossRef

Baek, M. J., Kim, K., Park, Y. H., & Kim, S. Y. (2016). The validity and reliability of mini-mental state examination-2 for detecting mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease in a Korean population. PLoS One, 11(9), članek e0163792. CrossRef

Ball, K., Berch, D. B., Helmers, K. F., Jobe, J. B., Leveck, M. D., Marsiske, M., Morris, J. N., Rebok, G. W., Smith, D. M., Tennstedt, S. L., Unverzagt, F. W., & Willis, S. L. (2002). Effects of cognitive training interventions with older adults: A randomized controlled trial. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 288(18), 2271–2281. CrossRef

Ball, K., Edwards, J. D., & Ross, L. A. (2007). The impact of speed of processing training on cognitive and everyday functions. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Science and Social Science, 62, 19–31. CrossRef

Ballesteros, S., Mayas, J., Prieto, A., Toril, P., Pita, C., Ponce de Leon, L., Reales, J. M., & Waterworth, J. A. (2015). A randomized controlled trial of brain training with non-action video games in older adults: results of the 3-month follow-up. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 7, 45. CrossRef

Ballesteros, S., Prieto, A., Mayas, J., Toril, P., Pita, C., Ponce de Leon, L., Reales, J. M., & Waterworth, J. (2014). Brain training with non-action video games enhances aspects of cognition in older adults: Randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 6, 277. CrossRef

Barban, F., Annicchiarico, R., Pantelopoulos, S., Federici, A., Perri, R., Fadda, L., Carlesimo, G. A., Ricci, C., Giuli, S., Scalici, F., Turchetta, C. S., Adriano, F., Lombardi, M. G., Zaccarelli, C., Cirillo, G., Passuti, S., Mattarelli, P., Lymperopoulou, O., Sakka, P., ... Caltagirone, C. (2016). Protecting cognition from aging and Alzheimer's disease: A computerized cognitive training combined with reminiscence therapy. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 31(4), 340–348. CrossRef

Basak, C., Boot, W. R., Voss, M. W., & Kramer, A. F. (2008). Can training in a real-time strategy video game attenuate cognitive decline in older adults? Psychology and Aging, 23(4), 765–777. CrossRef

Bavelier, D., Green, C. S., Han, D. H., Renshaw, P., Merzenich, M. M., & Gentile, D. A. (2011). Brains on video games. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 12(12), 763–768. CrossRef

Berry, D. T. R., Allen, R. S., & Schmitt, F. A. (2014). Rey-Osterrieth complex figure: Psychometric characteristics in a geriatric sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 5(2), 143–153. CrossRef

Borella, E., Carretti, B., Riboldi, F., & De Beni, R. (2010). Working memory training in older adults: Evidence of transfer and maintenance effects. Psychology and Aging, 25(4), 767–778. CrossRef

Brickman, A. M., & Stern, Y. (2009). Aging and memory in humans. V Larry R. Squire (ur.), Encyclopedia of Neuroscience (str. 175–180). Academic Press. CrossRef

Buitenweg, J. I. V., Van De Ven, R. M., Ridderinkhof, K. R., & Murre, J. M. J. (2019). Does cognitive flexibility training enhance subjective mental functioning in healthy older adults? Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 26(5), 688–710. CrossRef

Buiza, C., Etxeberria, I., Galdona, N., Gonzalez, M. F., Manchola, E. A., López de Munain, A., Urdaneta, E., & Yanguas, J. J. (2007). A randomized, two-year study of the efficacy of cognitive intervention on elderly people: The Donostia longitudinal study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: A Journal of the Psychiatry of Late Life and Allied Sciences, 23(1), 85–94. CrossRef

Burgener, S. C., Yang, Y., Gilbert, R., & Marsh-Yant, S. (2008). The effects of a multimodal intervention on outcomes of persons with early-stage dementia. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, 23(4), 382–394. CrossRef

Buschkuehl, M., Jaeggi, S. M., Hutchison, S., Perrig-Chiello, P., Däpp, C., Müller, M., Breil, F., Hoppeler, H., & Perrig, W. J. (2008). Impact of working memory training on memory performance in old old adults. Psychology and Aging, 23(4), 743–753. CrossRef

Calkins, A. W., McMorran, K. E., Siegle, G. J., & Otto, M. W. (2015). The effects of computerized cognitive control training on community adults with depressed mood. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 43(5), 578–589. CrossRef

Cankar, G., & Bajec, B. (2003). Velikost učinka kot dopolnilo testiranju statistične pomembnosti razlik [Effect size as a supplement to statistical significance testing]. Psihološka obzorja, 12(2), 97–112.

Carretti, B., Borella, E., Zavagnin, M., & De Beni, R. (2011). Impact of metacognition and motivation on the efficacy of strategic memory training in older adults: Analysis of specific, transfer and maintenance effects. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 52(3), e192–e197. CrossRef

Cassavaugh, N. D., & Kramer, A. F. (2009). Transfer of computer-based training to simulated driving in older adults. Applied Ergonomics, 40(5), 943–952. CrossRef

Cheng, Y., Wu, W., Feng, W., Wang, J., Chen, Y., Shen, Y., Li, Q., Zhang, X., & Li, C. (2012). The effects of multi-domain versus single-domain cognitive training in non-demented older people: A randomized controlled trial. Biomedcentral Medicine, 10(1), 1–13. CrossRef

Corbett, A., Owen, A., Hampshire, A., Grahn, J., Stenton, R., Dajani, S., Burns, A., Howard, R., Wlliams, N., Williams, G., & Ballard, C. (2015). The effect of fan online cognitive training package in healthy older adults: An online randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 16(11), 990–997. CrossRef

Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75. CrossRef

Edwards, J., Wadley, V., Myers, R. E., Roenker, D. L., Cissell, G., & Ball, K. (2002). Transfer of a speed of processing intervention to near and far cognitive functions. Gerontology, 48(5), 329–340. CrossRef

Estes, W. K. (1974). Learning theory and intelligence. American Psychologist, 29(10), 740–749. CrossRef

European Commission. (2018, maj). The 2018 ageing report: Economic & budgetary projections for the 28 EU member states (2016-2070) (Institutional paper 079). https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/economy-finance/ip079_en.pdf

Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). "Mini-mental state": A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189–198. CrossRef

Giuli, C., Papa, R., Lattanzio, F., & Postacchini D. (2016). The effects of cognitive training for elderly: Results from My Mind Project. Rejuvenation Research, 19(6), 458–494. CrossRef

Goldstein, G., & Watson, J. R. (1989). Test-retest reliability of the Halstead-Reitan Battery and the WAIS in a neuropsychiatric population. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 3(3), 265–272. CrossRef

Granda, G., Mlakar, J., & Vodušek, D. B. (2003). Kratek preizkus spoznavnih sposobnosti - usmerjanje pri preiskovancih, starih od 55 do 75 let (i) [The Slovene version of Mini Mental State Examination - Standardization on volunteers from 55 to 75 years old (i)]. Zdravniški vestnik, 72(10), 575–581.

Haesner, M., Steinert, A., O'Sullivan, J. L., & Weichenberger, M. (2015). Evaluating an online cognitive training platform for older adults: User experience and implementation requirements. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 41(8), 32–33. CrossRef

Hardy, J. L., Nelson, R. A., Thomason, M. E., Sternberg, D. A., Katovich, K., Farzin, F., & Scanlon, M. (2015). Enhancing cognitive abilities with comprehensive training: A large, online, randomized, active-controlled trial. PLoS One, 10(9), članek e0134467. CrossRef

Harvey, P. D., McGurk, S. R., Mahncke, H., & Wykes, T. (2018). Controversies in computerized cognitive training. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 3(11), 907–915. CrossRef

Hilbert, S., Nakagawa, T. T., Puci, P., Zech, A., & Bühner, M. (2015). The digit span backwards task: Verbal and visual cognitive strategies in working memory assessment. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 31, 174–180. CrossRef

Jackson, J. J., Hill, P. L., Payne, B. R., Roberts, B. W., & Stine-Morrow, E. A. L. (2012). Can an old dog learn (and want to experience) new tricks? Cognitive training increases openness to experience in older adults. Psychology and Aging, 27(2), 286–292. CrossRef

Jak, A. J., Seelye, A. M., & Jurick, S. M. (2013). Crosswords to computers: A critical review of popular approaches to cognitive enhancement. Neuropsychology Review, 23(1), 13–26. CrossRef

Karbach, J., & Verhaeghen, P. (2014). Making working memory work: A meta-analysis of executive-control and working memory training in older adults. Psychological Science, 25(11), 2027–2037. CrossRef

Kelly, M. E., Loughrey, D., Lawlor, B. A., Robertson, I. H., Walsh, C., & Brennan, S. (2014). The impact of cognitive training and mental stimulation on cognitive and everyday functioning of healthy older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Research Review, 15, 28–43. CrossRef

Klimova, B. (2016). Computer-based cognitive training in aging. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 8, 1–6. CrossRef

Klingberg, T. (2010). Training and plasticity of working memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14(7), 317–324. CrossRef

Klusmann, V., Evers, A., Schwarzer, R., Schlattmann, P., Reischies, F. M., Heuser, I., & Dimeo, F. C. (2010). Complex mental and physical activity in older women and cognitive performance: A 6-month randomized controlled trial. The Journals of Gerontology, 65(6), 680–688. CrossRef

Kueider, A. M., Parisi, J. M., Gross, A. L., & Rebok, G. W. (2012). Computerized cognitive training with older adults: A systematic review. PLoS One, 7(7), članek e40588. CrossRef

Lampit, A., Hallock, H., & Valenzuela, M. (2014). Computerized cognitive training in cognitively healthy older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of effect modifiers. PLoS Medicine, 11(11), članek e1001756. CrossRef

Lee, T. S., Goh, S. J. A., Quek, S. Y., Phillips, R., Guan, C., Cheung, Y. B., Feng, L., Teng, S. S. W., Wang, C. C., Chin, Z. Y., Zhang, H., Ng, T. P., Lee, J., Keefe, R., & Krishnan, K. R. R. (2013). A brain-computer interface based cognitive training system for healthy elderly: A randomized control pilot study for usability and preliminary efficacy. PLoS One, 8(11), članek e79419. CrossRef

Levinson, D. J. (1986). A conception of adult development. American Psychologist, 41(1), 3–13. CrossRef

Lezak, M. D. (2012). Neuropsychological Assessment. Oxford University Press.

Lithfous, S., Dufour, A., & Despres, O. (2013). Spatial navigation in normal aging and the prodromal stage of Alzheimer's disease: Insights from imaging and behavioral studies. Ageing Research Reviews, 12(1), 201–213. CrossRef

Litwin H., & Shiovitz-Ezra, S. (2006). The association between activity and well-being in later life: What really matters? Ageing and Society, 26, 225–242. CrossRef

Mahncke, H. W., Connor, B. B., Appelman, J., Ahsanuddin, O. N., Hardy, J. L., Wood, R.A., Joyce, N. M., Boniske, T., Atkins, S. M., & Merzenich, M. M. (2006). Memory enhancement in healthy older adults using a brain plasticity-based training program: A randomized, controlled study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(33), 12523–12528. CrossRef

Maillot, P., Perrot, A., & Hartley, A. (2012). Effects of interactive physical-activity video game training on physical and cognitive function in older adults. Psychology and Aging, 27(3), 589–600. CrossRef

Martin, M., Clare, L., Altgassen, A. M., Cameron, M. H., & Zehnder, F. (2011). Cognition-based interventions for healthy older people and people with mild cognitive impairment. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. CrossRef

Matarazzo, J. D., & Herman, D. O. (1984). Base rate data for the WAIS-R: Test - retest stability and VIQ-PIQ differences. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 6(4), 351–366. CrossRef

Mayas, J., Parmentier, F. B., Andres, P., & Ballesteros, S. (2014). Plasticity of attentional functions in older adults after non-action video game training: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One, 9(3), članek e92269. CrossRef

McAvinue, L. P., Golemme, M., Castorina, M., Tatti, E., Pigni, F. M., Salomone, S., Brennan, S., & Robertson, I. H. (2013). An evaluation of a working memory training scheme in older adults. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 5, 20. CrossRef

McCabe, A. P., Roediger, H. L., McDaniel, M. A., Balota, D. A., & Hambrick, D. Z. (2010). The relationship between working memory capacity and executive functioning: Evidence for a common executive attention construct. Neuropsychology, 24(2), 222–243. CrossRef

McDougall, S., & House, B. (2012). Brain training in older adults: Evidence of transfer to memory span performance and pseudo-Matthew effects. Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition, 19(1–2), 195–221. CrossRef

Melby-Lervåg, M., Redick, T. S., & Hulme, C. (2016). Working memory training does not improve performance on measures of "far transfer": Evidence from a meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11(4), 512–534. CrossRef

Meyers, J. E., & Meyers, K. R. (1995). Rey complex figure test and recognition trial: Professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources.

Michigan State University, Games for Entertainment and Learning Lab. (2016). Brain powered games: Maze training [računalniški program]. https://brainpoweredgames.msu.edu/

Miller, K. J., Dye, R. V., Kim, J., Jennings, J. L., O'Toole, E., Wong, J., & Siddarth, P. (2013). Effect of a computerized brain exercise program on cognitive performance in older adults. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21(7), 655–663. CrossRef

Mowszowski, L., Batchelor, J., & Naismith, S. L. (2010). Early intervention for cognitive decline: Can cognitive training be used as a selective prevention technique? International Psychogeriatrics, 22(4), 537-548. CrossRef

Musek, J. (2012). Kognitivne sposobnosti: Sodobni pogled na njihovo strukturo in povezanost s starostjo in intelektualnim staranjem [Cognitive abilities: A recent look at their structure and their connections with age and intellectual aging]. Anthropos, 44(3/4), 103–123.

Musek, J., & Avsec, A. (2006). Osebnost, samopodoba in psihično zdravje [Personality, self-concept, and psychological health]. Anthropos, 38(1–2), 51–75.

Nacionalni inštitut za javno zdravje. (2016, maj). Telesna dejavnost za zdravo in aktivno staranje [Physical activity for healthy and active aging]. Nacionalni inštitut za javno zdravje. https://www.nijz.si/sl/telesna-dejavnost-za-zdravo-in-aktivno-staranje

Nouchi, R., Taki, Y., Takeuchi, H., Hashizume, H., Akitsuki, Y., Shigemune, Y., Sekiguchi, A., Kotozaki, Y., Tsukiura, T., Yomogida, Y., & Kawashima, R. (2012). Brain training game improves executive functions and processing speed in the elderly: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One, 7(1), članek e29676. CrossRef

Olazarán, J., Muñiz, R., Reisberg, B., Peña-Casanova, J. del Ser, T., Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Serrano, P., Navarro, E., García de la Rocha, M. L., Frank, A., Galiano, M., Fernández-Bullido, Y., Serra, J. A., González-Salvador, M. T., & Sevilla, C. (2004). Benefits of cognitive-motor intervention in MCI and mild to moderate Alzheimer disease. Neurology, 63(12), 2348–2353. CrossRef

Osterrieth, P. A. (1944). Le test de copie d'une figure complexe; Contribution à l'étude de la perception et de la mémoire [Test of copying a complex figure; Contribution to the study of perception and memory]. Archives de Psychologie, 30, 206–356.

Oswald, W., Gunzelmann, T., Rupprecht, R., & Hagen, B. (2006). Differential effects of single versus combined cognitive and physical training with older adults: The SimA study in a 5-year perspective. European Journal of Ageing, 3(4), 179–192. CrossRef

Palta, P., Snitz, B., & Carlson, M. C. (2016). Neuropsychologic assessment. V C. Rosano, M. A. Ikram in M. Ganguli (ur.), Handbook of Clinical Neurology (str. 107–119). Elsevier. CrossRef

Park, D. C. (2000). Basic mechanisms accounting for age-related decline in cognitive functions. V D. C. Park in N. Schwarz (ur.), Cognitive aging: A primer (str. 3–21). Psychology Press.

Partington, J. E., & Leiter, R. G. (1949). Partington's Pathways Test. Psychological Service Center Journal, 1, 11–20. CrossRef

Pečjak, V. (1998). Psihologija tretjega življenjskega obdobja [Psychology of 3rd life period] . Znanstveni inštitut Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani.

Peretz, C., Korczyn, A. D., Shatil, E., Aharonson, V., Birnboim, S., & Giladi, N. (2011). Computer-based, personalized cognitive training versus classical computer games: A randomized double-blind prospective trial of cognitive stimulation. Neuroepidemiology, 36(2), 91–99. CrossRef

Pinquart, M., & Sörensen, S. (2000). Influences of socioeconomic status, social network, and competence on subjective well-being in later life: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 15(2), 187–224. CrossRef

Pinto, E., & Peters, R. (2009). Literature review of the clock drawing test as a tool for cognitive screening. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 27(3), 201–213. CrossRef

Rey, A. (1941). L'examen psychologique dans les cas d'encéphalopathie traumatique. (Les problems.) [The psychological examination in cases of traumatic encepholopathy. Problems]. Archives de Psychologie, 28, 215–285.

Richmond, L. L., Morrison, A. B., Chein, J. M., & Olson, I. R. (2011). Working memory training and transfer in older adults. Psychology and Aging, 26(4), 813–822. CrossRef

Rosenthal, R. (1979). The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin, 86(3), 638–641. CrossRef

Sala, G., Aksayli, N. D., Tatlidil, K. S., Tatsumi, T., Gondo, Y., & Gobet, F. (2019). Near and far transfer in cognitive training: A second-order meta-analysis. Collabra: Psychology, 5(1), 18. CrossRef

Salthouse, T. A. (1996). The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. Psychological Review, 103(3), 403–428. CrossRef

Sedmak, M., Bogataj, V., & Černelč, E. (2017, november). Skupnostne oblike preživljanja časa starejših [Community forms of older adults' spending time] [povzetek konferenčnega prispevka]. V V. Sitar (ur.), Zbornik prispevkov strokovnega programa 17. festivala za tretje življenjsko obdobje, Ljubljana, Slovenija [Proceedings of the 17th Third Life Period Festival, Ljubljana, Slovenia]. Proevent.

Shin, M., Park, S., Park, S., Seol, S., & Kwon, J. S. (2006). Clinical and empirical applications of the Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test. Nature Protocols, 1(2), 892–900. CrossRef

Simons, D. J., Boot, W. R., Charness, N., Gathercole, S. E., Chabris, C. F., Hambrick, D. Z., & Stine-Morrow, E. A. (2016). Do »brain-training« programs work? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 17(3), 103–186. CrossRef

Smith, J., Fleeson, W., Geiselmann, B., Settersten, R. A., & Kunzmann, U. (1999). Sources of well-being in very old age. V P. B. Baltes in K. U. Mayer (ur.), The Berlin aging study: Aging from 70 to 100 (str. 450-471). Cambridge University Press. CrossRef

Stenner, P., McFarguhar, T., & Bowling, A. (2011). Older people and »active ageing«: Subjective aspects of ageing actively. Journal of Health Psychology, 16(3), 467–477. CrossRef

Tombaugh, T. N. (2004). Trail making test A and B: Normative data stratified by age and education. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19(2), 203–214. CrossRef

Uttal, D. H., Meadow, N. G., Tipton, E., Hand, L. L., Alden, A. R, Warren, C., & Newcombe, N. S. (2013). The malleability of spatial skills: A meta-analysis of training studies. Psychological Bulletin, 139(2), 352–402. CrossRef

Vance, D., Dawson, J., Wadley, V., Edwards, J., Roenker, D., Rizzo, M., & Ball, K. (2007). The accelerate study: The longitudinal effect of speed of processing training on cognitive performance of older adults. Rehabilitation Psychology, 52(1), 89–96. CrossRef

Walker, A. (2006). Active ageing in employment: Its meaning and potential. Asia-Pacific Review, 13(1), 78–93. CrossRef

Walton, C., Kavanagh, A., Downey, L. A., Lomas, J., Camfield, D. A., & Stough, C. (2015). Online cognitive training in healthy older adults: A preliminary study on the effects of single versus multi-domain training. Translational Neuroscience, 6(1), 13–19. CrossRef

Wechsler, D. (1955). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Manual. Psychological Corporation.

Wechsler, D. (1997). WAIS-3, WMS-3: Wechsler adult intelligence scale, Wechsler memory scale: Technical manual. Psychological Corporation. CrossRef

Winocur, G., Craik, F. I., Levine, B., Robertson, I. H., Binns, M. A., Alexander, M., Black, S., Dawson, D., Palmer, H., McHugh, T., & Stuss, D. T. (2007). Cognitive rehabilitation in the elderly: Overview and future directions. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13(1), 166–171. CrossRef

Wolinsky, F. D., Unverzagt, F. W., Smith, D. M., Jones, R., Stoddard, A., & Tennstedt, S. L. (2006). The ACTIVE cognitive training trial and health-related quality of life: Protection that lasts for 5 years. The Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 61(12), 1324–1329. CrossRef

Zelinski, E. M., Spina, L. M., Yaffe, K., Ruff, R., Kennison, R. F., Mahncke, H. W., & Smith, G. E. (2011). Improvement in memory with plasticity-based adaptive cognitive training: results of the 3-month follow-up. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 59(2), 258–265. CrossRef


« Back to Volume 30 (2021)