Pojdi na slovensko stran članka / Go to the article page in Slovene
Using the Job-Demands-Resources model to predict turnover in the information technology workforce – General effects and gender
Peter Hoonakker, Pascale Carayon & Christian Korunka
Full text (pdf) | Views: 208 | 
Written in English. | Published: January 23, 2014
https://doi.org/10.20419/2013.22.373 | Cited By: CrossRef (7)
Abstract: High employee turnover has always been a major issue for Information Technology (IT). In particular, turnover of women is very high. In this study, we used the Job Demand/Resources (JD-R) model to examine the relationship between job demands and job resources, stress/burnout and job satisfaction/commitment, and turnover intention and tested the model for gender differences. Data were collected in five IT companies. A sample of 624 respondents (return rate: 56%; 54% males; mean age: 39.7 years) was available for statistical analyses. Results of our study show that relationships between job demands and turnover intention are mediated by emotional exhaustion (burnout) and relationships between job resources and turnover intention are mediated by job satisfaction. We found noticeable gender differences in these relationships, which can explain differences in turnover intention between male and female employees. The results of our study have consequences for organizational retention strategies to keep men and women in the IT work force.
Keywords: job characteristics, organizational characteristics, job demand-resources model, employee turnover, human sex differences
Cite:
Hoonakker, P., Carayon, P., & Korunka, C. (2013). Using the Job-Demands-Resources model to predict turnover in the information technology workforce – General effects and gender. Psihološka obzorja, 22, 51–65. https://doi.org/10.20419/2013.22.373
Reference list
Agarwal, R., & Ferratt T. W. (2002). Toward understanding the relationship between IT human resource management systems and retention: An empirical analysis based on multiple theoretical and measurement approaches. In M. Adya, R. Horton, H. Huang, & J. L. Quesenberry (Eds.), SIGCPR '02 Proceedings of the 2002 ACM SIGCPR conference on Computer personnel research (pp.126–138). New York, NY, USA: ACM.
Ahuja, M. K. (2002). Women in the information technology profession: A literature review, synthesis and research agenda. European Journal of Information Systems, 11, 20–34. CrossRef
Armstrong, D. J., Riemenschneider, C. K., Allen, M. W., & Reid, M. (2007) Advancement, voluntary turnover and women in IT: A cognitive study of work-family conflict. Information & Management, 10 (2), 142–153. CrossRef
Arnold, H. F., & Feldman, D. C. (1982). A multivariate analysis of the determinants of job turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 350–360. CrossRef
Bakker, A. B. (2007). The Job Demands-Resources Model. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22, 309–328. CrossRef
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2003). Dual processes at work in a call centre: An application of the Job Demands - Resources model. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 12 (4), 393–417. CrossRef
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Verbeke, W. (2004). Using the Job-Demand-Resources Model to predict burnout and performance. Human Resource Management, 43, 83–104. CrossRef
Bannister, B. D., & Griffeth, R. W. (1986). Applying a causal analytic framework to the Mobley, Horner and Hollingsworth (1978) turnover model: A useful reexamination. Journal of Management, 12, 433–443. CrossRef
Baroudi, J. J. (1985). The impact of role variables on IS personnel work attitudes and intentions. MIS Quarterly, 9, 341–356. CrossRef
Baroudi, J. J., & Igbaria, M. (1995). An examination of gender effects on career success of information systems employees. Journal of Management Information Systems, 11, 181–210. CrossRef
Barrios, E. (2003). Web Survey Mailer System (WSMS 1.1): CQPI Report Series. Madison, WI, USA: Center for Quality and Productivity Improvement.
Becker-Blease, J., Elkinawy, S., & Stater, M. (2010). The impact of gender on voluntary and involuntary executive departure. Economic Inquiry, 48 (4), 1102–1118. CrossRef
Beehr, T. A., Glaser, K. M., Canali, K. G., & Wallwey, D. A. (2001). Back to basics: Re-examination of Demand-Control Theory of occupational stress. Work & Stress, 15, 115–130. CrossRef
Blau, F. D., & Ferber, M. A. (1987). Occupations and earning of women workers. In K. S. Koziara, M. H. Moskow, & L. D. Tanner (Eds.), Working Women: Past, Present, Future (pp. 37–68). Washington, DC, USA: BNA Books.
Blau, G., & Boal, K. B. (1987). Conceptualizing how job involvement and organizational commitment affect turnover and absenteeism. Academy of Management Review, 12, 288–300. Bluedorn, A. C. (1982). A unified model of turnover from organizations. Human Relations, 35, 135–153. CrossRef
Borman, W. C. (1991). Job behavior, performance, and effectiveness. In M. D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 271–326). Palo Alto, CA, USA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Burke, R. J., & Greenglass, E. (1995). A longitudinal study of psychological burnout in teachers. Human Relations, 48, 187–202. CrossRef
Campbell, P. B., & Perlman, L. K. (2006). What brings workers to the Information technology and why do they stay? National Science Foundation's ITWF&ITR/EWF Principal Investigator Conference, Raleigh, NC, USA (pp. 81–88).
Caplan, R. D., Cobb, S., French, J. R. P., Harrison, R. V., & Pinneau, S. R. (1975). Job demands and worker health. Washington, DC, USA: US Government Printing Office.
Carayon, P., Schoepke, J., Hoonakker, P. L. T., Haims, M. C., & Brunette, M. (2006). Evaluating the causes and consequences of turnover intention among IT users: The development of a questionnaire survey. Behaviour and Information Technology, 25, 381–397. CrossRef
CAWMSET (2000). Land of plenty: Diversity as America's competitive edge in science, engineering and technology. Washington, DC, USA: Congressional Commission on the Advancement of Women and Minorities in Science, Engineering and Technology Development.
Compton, T. R. (1987). Job satisfaction among systems personnel. Journal of System Management, 38, 28–31.
Cook, J., & Wall, T. D. (1980). New work attitudes measures of trust, organizational commitment, and personal need non-fulfilment. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 53, 39–52. CrossRef
Cotton, J. L., & Tuttle, J. M. (1986). Employee turnover: A meta-analysis and review with implications for research. Academy of Management Review, 11, 55–70.
Dubie, D. (2009, November 18). CIOs fear mass IT exodus following economic recovery. Networkworld. Retrieved from http://www.networkworld.com Firth, H., & Britton, P. (1989). Burnout: Absence and turnover amongst British nursing staff. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 62, 55–60. CrossRef
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA, USA: Addison-Wesley.
Freeman, C. E. (2004). Trends in educational equity of girls & women: 2004. Washington, DC, USA: U.S. Government Printing Office, U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics.
Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Copper, M. L. (1992). Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict: Testing a model of the work-family interface. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 65–78. CrossRef
Frone, M. R., Yardley, J. K., & Markel, K. S. (1997). Developing and testing an integrative model of the work-family interface. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50, 145–167. CrossRef
Gerhart, B., & Milkovich, G. T. (1992). Employee compensation: Research and practice. In M. D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 481–569). Palo Alto, CA, USA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Googins, B.K. (1991). Work/family conflicts: Private lives, public responses. New York, NY, USA: Aburn House.
Grant-Vallone, E. J., & Donaldson, S. I. (2001). Consequences of work-family conflict on employee well-being over time. Work & Stress, 15, 214–226. CrossRef
Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Acadamy of Management Review, 10 (1), 76–88.
Griffeth, R., Hom, P., & Gaertner, S. (2000). A meta-analysis of antecedents and correlates of employee turnover: Update, moderator tests, and research implications for the next millennium. Journal of Management, 26, 463–488. CrossRef
Grzywacz, J. G., & Marks, N. F. (2000). Reconceptualizing the work-family interface: An ecological perspective on the correlates of positive and negative spillover between work and family. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 111–126. CrossRef
Guzzo, R. A., Jette, R. D., & Katzell, R. A. (1985). The effect of psychologically based intervention programs in worker productivity: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 38, 275–291. CrossRef
Hayes, F. (1998). Don't underestimate the labor shortage; it's real, despite the hoopla surrounding it. Computerworld-Marion, 32 (5), 8–11.
Higgins, C. A., & Duxbury, L. E. (1992). Work-family conflict: A comparison of dual-career and traditional career men. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13, 389–411. CrossRef
Hom, P. W., Caranikas-Walker, F., Prussia, G. E., & Griffeth, R. W. (1992). A meta-analytical structural equations analysis of a model of employee turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 890–909.CrossRef
Hoon, S. C. & Jing, Q. (2011). A global perspective on information systems personnel turnover. Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 14 (4), 4–27. CrossRef
Hoonakker, P. L. T., Carayon, P., Marian, A., & Schoepke, J. (2004). Shortage of skilled workers and high turnover in the information technology workforce: What are the possibilities for retention? In H. M. Khalid, M. G. Helander, & A. W. Yeo (Eds.), WWCS 2004 Conference (pp. 132–137). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Damai Sciences.
Hoonakker, P. L. T., Carayon, P., & Schoepke, J. (2005). Work family conflict in the IT work force. In P. Carayon, B. Kleiner, M. Robertson, & P. Hoonakker (Eds.), Human Factors in Organizational Design and Management - VIII Conference (pp. 81–86). Maui, Hawaii: IEA Press.
Hoonakker, P. L. T., Carayon, P., Schoepke, J., & Marian, A. (2004). Job and organizational factors as predictors of turnover in the IT workforce: Differences between men and women. In WWCS 2004 Conference (pp. 126–131). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Damai Sciences.
Hoonakker, P. L. T., Marian, A., & Carayon, P. (2004, September). The relation between job characteristics and quality of working life: The role of task identity to explain gender differences. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 48th Annual Meeting Annual Meeting, 48 (14),1571–1575. CrossRef
Houkes, I., Janssen, P., De Jonge, J., & Bakker, A. B. (2003). Specific determinants of intrinsic work motivation, emotional exhaustion and turnover intention: A multisample longitudinal study. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 76, 427–450. CrossRef
Huselid, M. A. (1995). The impact of human resource management practices on turnover, productivity, and corporate financial performance. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 635–672. CrossRef
Igbaria, M., & Baroudi, J. J. (1995). The impact of job performance evaluations on career advancement prospects: An examination of gender differences in the IT work force. MIS Quarterly, 19, 107–123. CrossRef
Igbaria, M., & Chidambaram, L. (1995). Examination of gender effects on intention to stay among information systems employees. In L. Olfman (Ed.), Proceedings of the 1995 ACM SIGCPR Conference, Nashville, Tennessee, USA (pp. 167–80). New York, NY: ACM. CrossRef
Igbaria, M., & Chidambaram, L. (1997). The impact of gender on career success of information systems professionals: A human capital perspective. Information Technology & People, 10, 63–86. CrossRef
Igbaria, M., & Greenhaus, J. (1992). Determinants of MIS employees' turnover intentions: A structural equation model. Communications of the ACM, 35, 35–49. CrossRef
Igbaria, M., & Guimaraes, T. (1999). Exploring differences in employee turnover intentions and its determinants among telecommuters and non-telecommuters. Journal of Management Information Systems, 16, 147–164. CrossRef
Igbaria, M., Parasuraman, S., and Greenhaus, J. H. (1997). Status report on women and men in the IT workplace. Information Systems Management, 14, 44–53. CrossRef
Igbaria, M., & Siegel, S. R. (1992). The reasons for turnover of information systems personnel. Information and Management, 23, 321–330. CrossRef
Igbaria, M., & Wormley, W. M. (1992). Organizational experiences and career success of MIS professionals and managers: An examination of race differences. MIS Quarterly, 16 (4), 507–529. CrossRef
Jackson, S. E., Turner, J. A., & Brief, A. P. (1986). Correlates of burnout among public service lawyers. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 8, 339–349. CrossRef
Janssen, P., De Jonge, J., & Bakker, A. B. (1999). Specific determinants of intrinsic work motivation, burnout and turnover intentions: a study among nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 29, 1360–1369. CrossRef
Jawahar, I. M., & Hemmasi, P. (2006). Perceived organizational support for women's advancement and turnover intentions: The mediating role of job and employer satisfaction. Women in Management Review, 21, 643–661. CrossRef
Jiang, J. J., & Klein, G. (2002). A discrepancy model of Information System personnel turnover. Journal of Management Information Systems, 19, 249–272.
Kalimo, R., & Toppinen, S. (1995). Burnout in computer professionals. In Proceedings of the Work, Stress and Health 1995: Creating Healthier Workplaces, Washington, DC, USA.
Kim, H., & Stoner, M. (2008). Burnout and turnover intention among social workers: Effects of role stress, job autonomy and social support. Administration in Social Work, 32, 5–25. CrossRef
Lawler, E. E. (1986). High involvement management. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Lawler, E. E. (1992). The ultimate advantage: Creating the high involvement organization. San Francisco, CA, USA: Jossey-Bass.
Lawler, E. E. (1996). From the ground up: Six principles for building the new logic corporation. San Francisco, CA, USA: Jossey-Bass.
Lee, P. C. B. (2004). Social support and leaving intention among computer professionals. Information & Management, 41, 323–334. CrossRef
Leiter, M. P. (1991). Coping patterns as predictors of burnout: The function of control and escapist coping. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 12, 123–144. CrossRef
Lewig, K. A., Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Dollard, M. F., & Metzer, J. C. (2007). Burnout and connectedness among Australian volunteers: A test of the Job Demands-Resources model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 71, 429–445. CrossRef
Lyness, K. S., & Judiesch, M. K. (2001). Are female managers quitters? The relationships of gender, promotions, and family leaves of absence to voluntary turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86 (6), 1167–1178. CrossRef
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1984). Patterns of burnout among a national sample of public contact workers. Journal of Health and Human Resources Administration, 7, 189–212.
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. (1986). Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual. Palo Alto, CA, USA: Consulting Psychologists Press. Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M. (1990). A review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 171–194. CrossRef
McEvoy, G. M., & Cascio, W. F. (1985). Strategies for reducing employee turnover: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 342–353. CrossRef
McLaney, M. A., & Hurrell, J. J. J. (1988). Control, stress, and job satisfaction in Canadian nurses. Work & Stress, 2, 217–224. CrossRef
McLaughlin, R. A. (1979). The old bugaboo, turnover. Damation, 25, 97–101.
Miller, G. J., & Wheeler, K. G. (1992). Unraveling the mysteries of gender differences in intentions to leave the organization. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13, 465–479. CrossRef
Mobley, W. H. (1977). Intermediate linkages in the relationship between job satisfaction and employee turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 237–240. CrossRef
Mobley, W. H., Griffeth, R. W., Hand, H. H., & Meglino, B. (1979). Review and conceptual analysis of the employee turnover process. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 493–522. CrossRef
Mobley, W. H., Horner, S., & Hollingsworth, A. (1978). An evaluation of precursors of hospital employee turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63, 408–414. CrossRef
Moore, J. E. (2000). One road to turnover: An examination of work exhaustion in technology professionals. MIS Quarterly, 24, 141–168. CrossRef
Moore, J. E., & Burke, L. (2002). How to turn around 'turnover culture' in IT. Communications of the ACM, 45, 73–78. CrossRef
Mottaz, C. J. (1988). Determinants of organizational commitment. Human Relations, 41 (6), 467–482. CrossRef
National Center for Education Statistics (1999). Digest of Education Statistics, 1999. Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2000031
National Center for Education Statistics (2002). Digest of Education Statistics, 2002. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2003060
National Center for Woman & Information Technology (2009). Women in IT: The facts. Retrieved from www.ncwit.org/thefacts
Nelson, A. C. (1996). Employee-job fit in MIS: Research in progress. In The ACM SIGCPR/SIGMIS Conference on Computer Personnel Research (pp. 395–399). Denver, CO, USA: ACM Press. CrossRef
Niedermann, F., & Sumner, M. (2003). Decision paths affecting turnover among information technology professionals. In M. Mandviwalla, E. M. Trauth (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2003 SIGMIS Conference on Computer Personnel Research: Freedom in Philadelphia - Leveraging Differences and Diversity in the IT Workforce (pp. 133–142). CrossRef
Nixon, R. (1985a). Black managers in corporate america: Alienation or integration? Washington, DC, USA: National Urban League.
Nixon, R. (1985b). Climbing the corporate ladder: Some perceptions among black managers. Washington, DC, USA: National Urban League.
Parasuraman, S. (1982). Predicting turnover intentions and turnover behavior: A multivariate analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 21, 111–121. CrossRef
Pines, A., Aronson, E., & Kafry, D. (1981). Burnout: from tedium to personal growth. New York, NY, USA: The Free Press.
Quinn, R., Seashore, S., Kahn, R., Mangion, T., Cambell, D., Staines, G., & McCullough, M. (1971). Survey of working conditions: Final report on univariate and bivariate tables (Document No.2916-0001). Washington, DC,USA: Government Printing Office.
Reichheld, F. F. (1996). The loyalty effect. Boston, MA: The Harvard Business School Press.
Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 698–714. CrossRef
Seashore, S. E., Lawler, E. E., Mirvis, P., & Cammann, C. (1982). Observing and measuring organizational change: A guide to field practice. New York, NY, USA: John Wiley & Sons.
Sethi, V., Barrier, T., & King, R. C. (1999). An examination of the correlates of burnout in Information System Professionals. Information Resources Management Journal, 12, 5–13. CrossRef
Sims, H. P., Szilgyi, A. D., & Keller, R. T. (1976). The measurement of job characteristics. Academy of Management Journal, 19, 195–212. CrossRef
Sjoberg, A., & Sverke, M. (2000). The interactive effect of job involvement and organizational commitment on job turnover revisited: A note on mediating role of turnover intention. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 41, 247–252. CrossRef
Sonnentag, S., Brodbeck, F. C., Heinbokel, T., & Stolte, W. (2001). Stressor-burnout relationship in software development teams. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 67, 327–341. CrossRef
Stone, M. (1972). Where go the computer people - up, down or out? Damation, 18, 68–72.
Thatcher, J. B., Stepina, L. P., & Boyle, R. J. (2003). Turnover of information technology workers: Examining empirically the influence of attitudes, job characteristics, and external Markets. Journal of Management Information Systems, 19, 231–261.
Trauth, E. M., Quesenberry, J. L., and Huang, H. (2006). Cross-cultural influences on women in the IT Workforce. In C. Shayo, K. M. Kaiser, & T. Ryan (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2006 ACM SIGMIS CPR Conference on Computer Personnel Research, ACM (pp. 12–19). New York, NY: ACM. CrossRef
Truman, G. E., & Baroudi, J. J. (1994). Gender differences in the information systems managerial ranks: An assessment of potential discriminatory practices. MIS Quarterly, 18 (2), 129–142. CrossRef
U.S. Department of Labor (1993). High performance work practices and firm performance. Washington, DC, USA: Government Printing Office.
Vanderberg, R. J., Richardson, H. A., & Eastman, L. J. (1999). The impact of high involvement work processes on organizational effectiveness: A second-order latent variable approach. Group and Organizational Management, 24, 300–339. CrossRef
Verquer, M. L., Beehr, T. A., & Wagner, S. H. (2003). A meta-analysis of relations between person–organization fit and work attitudes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63, 473–489. CrossRef
Cited By via CrossRef (7)
Organizational learning culture in industry 4.0: relationships with work engagement and turnover intention
Giovana Urrutia Pereira, Wagner de Lara Machado, Manoela Ziebell de Oliveira
Human Resource Development International, 2022
https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2021.1976020
Walking the Tightrope of Job Demands and Resources: Leveraging Work Engagement to Counter Turnover Intentions of Information Technology Professionals
Jana Van Heerden, Marieta Du Plessis, Jurgen R. Becker
Frontiers in Psychology, 2022
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.660308
Professional wellbeing and turnover intention among child therapists: a comparison between therapists trained and untrained in Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Samira Aminihajibashi, Ane-Marthe Solheim Skar, Tine K. Jensen
BMC Health Services Research, 2022
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-08670-3
Individual perspectives and mental maps of working conditions and intention to stay of physicians in academic medicine
Joachim Hasebrook, Juliane Hecke, Thomas Volkert, Maren Singer, Juergen Hinkelmann ...
Frontiers in Psychology, 2023
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1106501
Intention to Quit as Mediator in Occupational Stress and Burnout Relationship
Mohd Sharif Mohamad, Zafir Khan Mohamed Makhbul, Abu Hanifah Ayob, Mohd Helmi Ali
Journal of Law and Sustainable Development, 2023
https://doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v11i8.1503
Configurational paths to turnover intention among primary public health workers in Liaoning Province, China: a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis
Xueying Li, Chenxin Yang, Libing Liu, Yuanlu Ding, Jianchun Xue ...
BMC Public Health, 2024
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-17881-8
Exploring key job demands and resources in Norwegian child mental health services: a cross-sectional study of associations with and relationship between compassion satisfaction, burnout, secondary traumatic stress and turnover intention
Samira Aminihajibashi, Tine K. Jensen, Ane-Marthe Solheim Skar
Frontiers in Public Health, 2024
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1304345
