Pojdi na slovensko stran članka / Go to the article page in Slovene
Early toddler-parent attachment as a predictor of the quality of children’s friendship in middle childhood
Nika Čermak & Ljubica Marjanovič Umek
Full text (pdf) | Views: 349 | Written in Slovene. | Published: February 12, 2021
https://doi.org/10.20419/2021.30.525 | Cited By: CrossRef (0)
Abstract: The central premise of the attachment theory is that attachment security and the model of early child-parent relationship is reflected in the child’s interpersonal relationships across the life span, including his/her friendships. The child-parent relationship at different developmental stages is thus considered one of the most important predictors of social development in children. The present study examined the longitudinal connection between early attachment of toddlers and the quality of their friendships in middle childhood. The sample consisted of 129 toddlers (52% boys), from which 118 participated in the second wave of data collection. Toddler attachment was assessed with Attachment Q-sort at the age of 15 months, while friendship quality at 9 years was assessed using three measures, namely a self-report, observations and a sociometric measure. We found a significant correlation between attachment and observed friendship quality, while attachment was not directly related to self-reported friendship quality and number of reciprocal friendships. Furthermore, we examined links between attachment and friendship quality by proposing a path model. Individual quality of child interaction was found to be a significant mediator of the path from attachment security to later peer competence, as reflected in the number of reciprocal friendships. Significant, but moderate correlations suggest a moderate effect of secure attachment on friendship quality in middle childhood.
Keywords: attachment behavior, friendship, peer relations, psychosocial development, longitudinal studies
Cite:
Čermak, N., & Marjanovič Umek, L. (2021). Zgodnja navezanost med malčkom in staršem kot napovednik kakovosti prijateljstva otrok v srednjem otroštvu [Early toddler-parent attachment as a predictor of the quality of children’s friendship in middle childhood]. Psihološka obzorja, 30, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.20419/2021.30.525
Reference list
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. N. (2015). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Psychology Press.
Bagwell, C. L., & Schmidt, M. E. (2011). Friendships in childhood and adolescence. The Guilford Press.
Berndt, T. J. (1996). Exploring the effects of friendship quality on social development. V M. W. Bukowski, A. F. Newcomb in W. W. Hartup (ur.), The company they keep: Friendships in childhood and adolescence (str. 346–365). Cambridge University Press.
Booth-LaForce, C., & Kerns, K. A. (2009). Child-parent attachment relationships, peer relationships and peer-group functioning. V K. H. Rubin, W. M. Bukowski in B. Laursen (ur.), Handbook of peer interactions, relationships, and groups (str. 490–507). The Guilford Press.
Booth-LaForce, C., Rubin, K. H., Rose-Krasnor, L., & Burgess, K. B. (2005). Attachment and friendship predictors of psychosocial functioning in middle childhood and the mediating roles of social support and self-worth. V K. A. Kerns in R. A. Richardson (ur.), Attachment in middle childhood (str. 161–188). Guilford Press.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation: Anxiety and anger. Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment (2. izdaja). Basic Books.
Bretherton, I. (1985). Attachment theory: Retrospect and prospect. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(1/2), 3–35. CrossRef
Bretherton, I. (2005). In pursuit of the internal working model construct and its relevance to attachment relationships. V K. E. Grossmann, K. Grossmann in E. Waters (ur.), Attachment from infancy to adulthood: The major longitudinal studies (str. 13–47). The Guilford Press.
Clark, K. E., & Ladd, G. W. (2000). Connectedness and autonomy support in parent-child relationships: Links to children's socioemotional orientation and peer relationships. Developmental Psychology, 36(4), 485–498. CrossRef
Cohn, D. A. (1990). Child-mother attachment of six-year-olds and social competence at school. Child Development, 61(1), 152–162. CrossRef
Deutz, M. H., Lansu, T. A., & Cillessen, A. H. (2015). Children's observed interactions with best friends: Associations with friendship jealousy and satisfaction. Social Development, 24(1), 39–56. CrossRef
Flyr, M. L., Howe, T., & Parke, R. D. (1995). Observed friendship quality scale [Neobjavljen sistem kodiranja]. University of California.
Groh, A. M., Fearon, R. P., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Steele, R. D., & Roisman, G. I. (2014). The significance of attachment security for children's social competence with peers: A meta-analytic study. Attachment and Human Development, 16(2), 103–136. CrossRef
Gullone, E., & Robinson, K. (2005). The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment - Revised (IPPA-R) for children: A psychometric investigation. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 12(1), 67–97. CrossRef
Kemple, K. M. (2004). Let's be friends: Peer competence and social inclusion in early childhood programs. Teachers College Press.
Kerns, K. A., & Brumariu, L. E. (2016). Attachment in middle childhood. V J. Cassidy (ur.), Handbook of attachment: theory, research and clinical applications (str. 349–365). Guilford.
Ladd, G. W. (2016). Themes and theories: Perspectives on processes in family-peer relationships. V Parke, R. D. in Ladd, G. W. (ur.), Family-Peer Relationships: Models of linkage (str. 1–34). Routledge.
LaFreniere, P. J., & Sroufe, L. A. (1985). Profiles of peer competence in the preschool: Interrelations between measures influence of social ecology and relation to attachment history. Developmental Psychology, 21(1), 56–69. CrossRef
Lansford, J. E. (2004). Links between family relationships and best friendships in the United States and Japan. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 59(4), 287–304. CrossRef
Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(1/2), 66–104. CrossRef
Marjanovič Umek, L., & Zupančič, M. (2004). Socialni in moralni razvoj v zgodnjem otroštvu. V L. Marjanovič Umek in M. Zupančič (ur.), Razvojna psihologija (str. 363–381). Znanstvenoraziskovalni inštitut Filozofske fakultete.
McDowell, D. J., & Parke, R. D. (2009). Parental correlates of children's peer relations: An empirical test of a tripartite model. Developmental Psychology, 45(1), 224–235. CrossRef
Pallini, S., Baiocco, R., Schneider, B. H., Madigan, S., & Atkinson, L. (2014). Early child-parent attachment and peer relations: A meta-analysis of recent research. Journal of Family Psychology, 28(1), 118–123. CrossRef
Park, K. A., & Waters, E. (1989). Security of attachment and preschool friendships. Child Development, 60(5), 1076–1081. CrossRef
Parker, J. G., & Asher, S. R. (1993). Friendship and friendship quality in middle childhood: Links with peer group acceptance and feelings of loneliness and social dissatisfaction. Developmental Psychology, 29(4), 611–621. CrossRef
Peters, E. (2010). Friendships in middle childhood: Links with psychobiology, parenting and peer group functioning[Neobjavljena doktorska disertacija]. Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen.
Peters, E., Van den Bosch, N., & Riksen-Walraven, J. M. A. (2007). The Child-Friend Interaction Rating Scales (C-FIRS) . Behavioural Science Institute.
Phillipsen, L. C. (1999). Associations between age, gender, and group acceptance and three components of friendship quality. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19(4), 438–464. CrossRef
Raikes, H. A., & Thompson, R. A. (2008). Attachment security and parenting quality predict children's problem-solving, attributions, and loneliness with peers. Attachment and Human Development, 10(3), 319–344. CrossRef
Rice, K. G., & Mulkeen, P. (1995). Relationships with parents and peers: A longitudinal study of adolescent intimacy. Journal of Adolescent Research, 10(3), 338–357. CrossRef
Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36. CrossRef
Scharf, M. (2014). Children's social competence within close friendship: The role of self-perception and attachment orientations. School Psychology International, 35(2), 206–220. CrossRef
Scharf, M., Kerns., K. A., Rousseau, S., & Kivenson-Baron, I. (2016). Mother-child attachment and social anxiety: Associations with friendship skills and peer competence in Arab children. School Psychology International, 37(3), 271–288. CrossRef
Schneider, B. H., Atkinson, L., & Tardif, C. (2001). Child-parent attachment and peer relations: A quantitative review. Developmental Psychology, 37(1), 86–100. CrossRef
Schwarz, B., Stutz, M., & Ledermann, T. (2012). Perceived interparental conflict and early adolescents' friendships: The role of attachment security and emotion regulation. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(9), 1240–1252. CrossRef
Selman, R. L., & Schultz, L. H. (1990). Making a friend in youth: Developmental theory and pair therapy. University of Chicago Press.
Sroufe, L. A. (1983). Infant-caregiver attachment and patterns of adaptation in preschool: The roots of maladaptation and competence. V M. Perlmutter (ur.), Minnesota symposium in child psychology (str. 41–81). Erlbaum.
Sroufe, L. A., Egeland, B., & Carlson, E. (1999). One social world: The integrated development of parent-child and peer relationships. V W. A. Collins in B. Laursen (ur.), Relationships as developmental contexts: The Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology, vol. 30 (str. 241–261). Erlbaum.
Sroufe, L. A., Egeland, B., Carlson, E., & Collins, W. A. (2005). Placing early attachment experiences in developmental context. V K. E. Grossmann, K. Grossmann in E. Waters (ur.), Attachment from infancy to adulthood: The major longitudinal studies (str. 48–70). The Guilford Press.
Sroufe, L. A., Egeland, B., & Kreutzer, T. (1990). The fate of early experience following developmental change: Longitudinal approaches to individual adaptation in childhood. Child Development, 61(5), 1363–1373. CrossRef
Sroufe, L. A., & Waters, E. (1977). Attachment as an organizational construct. Child Development, 48(4), 1184–1199. CrossRef
Van Bakel, H. J., & Riksen-Walraven, J. M. (2002). Parenting and development of one-year-olds: Links with parental, contextual and child characteristics. Child Development, 73(1), 256–273. CrossRef
Van Bakel, H. J., & Riksen-Walraven, J. M. (2004). AQS security scores: What do they represent? A study in construct validation. Infant Mental Health Journal, 25(3), 175–193. CrossRef
van IJzendoorn, M. H., Vereijken, C. M. J. L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Riksen-Walraven, J. M. (2004). Assessing attachment security with the Attachment Q Sort: Meta-analytic evidence for the validity of the observer AQS. Child Development, 75(4), 1188–1213. CrossRef
Waters, E. (1995). Appendix A: The Attachment Q-set (version 3.0). Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 60(2/3), 234–246. CrossRef
Waters, E., Wippman, J., & Sroufe, L. A. (1979). Attachment, positive affect, and competence in the peer group: Two studies in construct validation. Child Development, 50(3), 821–829. CrossRef
Wood, J. J., Emmerson, N. A., & Cowan, P. A. (2004). Is early attachment security carried forward into relationships with preschool peers? British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 22(2), 245–253. CrossRef
Youngblade, L. M., & Belsky, J. (1992). Parent-child antecedents of 5-year-olds' close friendships: A longitudinal analysis. Developmental Psychology, 28(4), 700–713. CrossRef
Youngblade, L. M., Park, K. A., & Belsky, J. (1993). Measurement of young children's close friendship: A comparison of two independent assessment systems and their associations with attachment security. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 16(4), 563–587. CrossRef
