Pojdi na slovensko stran članka / Go to the article page in Slovene
Separation-individuation in the light of psychoanalysis and neurobiology
Full text (pdf) | Views: 140 | Written in Slovene. | Published: June 15, 2023
https://doi.org/10.20419/2023.32.574 | Cited By: CrossRef (0)
Abstract: The process of separation-individuation begins in early childhood and plays an important role in adolescence and emerging adulthood. An unsuccessfully resolved process has been shown to have long-term adverse consequences in one’s psychosocial functioning, symptoms of depression, anxiety and psychiatric illness. The early conceptualizations of separation-individuation largely focused on the environmental factors that might lead to problems in a healthily resolved process. More recent studies from the fields of genetic and neuroscientific research have improved our understanding of the neurobiological foundations of separation-individuation. Research on animal models has shown, that separation anxiety, a fundamental emotion accompanying separation-individuation can be found in all mammals, which suggests that the process might have evolutionary origins. Behavioral genetics research has shown that separation anxiety disorder has a significant rate of heritability. While research from the field of molecular genetics has identified specific genes that are related to increased rates of separation anxiety and separation anxiety disorder. The present paper presents studies that highlight the importance of considering both environmental and genetic factors in understanding the process of separation-individuation.
Keywords: separation-individuation, separation anxiety, psychosocial functioning, neurobiology, genetics
Cite:
Glavač, T. (2023). Separacija-individuacija skozi pogled psihoanalize in nevrobiologije [Separation-individuation in the light of psychoanalysis and neurobiology]. Psihološka obzorja, 32, 60–70. https://doi.org/10.20419/2023.32.574
Reference list
Ainsworth, M. D. (1978). The Bowlby-Ainsworth attachment theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(3), 436–438. CrossRef
Ainsworth, M. D., Bell, S., & Stayton, D. (1971). Individual differences in strange-situation behaviour of one-year-olds. V H. Schaffer (ur.), The origins of human social relations (str. 17–58). Academic Press.
Aquilino, W. S. (1997). From adolescent to young adult: A prospective study of parent-child relations during the transition to adulthood. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59, 670–686. CrossRef
Baltes, M., & Silverberg, S. (1994). The dynamics between dependency and autonomy: Illustrations across the life span. V D. L. Featherman in R. M. Lerner (ur.), Life-span development and behavior (str. 41–90). Erlbaum. CrossRef
Baker, M., Lindell, S. G., Driscoll, C. A., Zhou, Z., Yuan, Q., Schwandt, M. L., Miller-Crews, I., Simpson, E. A., Paukner, A., Ferrari, P. F., Sindhu, R. K., Razaqyar, M., Sommer, W. H., Lopez, J. F., Thompson, R. C., Goldman, D., Heilig, M., Higley, J. D., Suomi, S. J., & Barr, C. S. (2017). Early rearing history influences oxytocin receptor epigenetic regulation in rhesus macaques. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(44), 11769–11774. CrossRef
Barr, C. S., Newman, T. K., Schwandt, M., Shannon, C., Dvoskin, R. L., Lindell, S. G., Taubman, J., Thompson, B., Champoux, M., Lesch, P. L., Goldman, D., Suomi, S. J., & Higley, J. D. (2004). Sexual dichotomy of an interaction between early adversity and the serotonin transporter gene promoter variant in rhesus macaques. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(33), 12358–12363. CrossRef
Battaglia, M., Garon-Carrier, G., Côté, S. M., Dionne, G., Touchette, E., Vitaro, F., Tremblay, R. E., & Boivin, M. (2017). Early childhood trajectories of separation anxiety: Bearing on mental health, academic achievement, and physical health from mid-childhood to preadolescence. Depression and Anxiety, 34(10), 918–927. CrossRef
Battaglia, M., Pesenti-Gritti, P., Medland, S. E., Ogliari, A., Tambs, K., & Spatola, C. A. (2009). A genetically informed study of the association between childhood separation anxiety, sensitivity to CO2, panic disorder, and the effect of childhood parental loss. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66(1), 64–71. CrossRef
Bergman, A., Blom, I., Polyak, D., & Mayers, L. (2015, January). Attachment and separation-individuation: Two ways of looking at the mother-infant relationship. International Forum of Psychoanalysis, 24(1), 16–21. CrossRef
Beyers, W., & Goossens, L. (1999). Emotional autonomy, psychosocial adjustment and parenting: Interactions, moderating and mediating effects. Journal of Adolescence, 22(6), 753–769. CrossRef
Beyers, W., Goossens, L., Vansant, I., & Moors, E. (2003). A structural model of autonomy in middle and late adolescence: Connectedness, separation, detachment, and agency. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 32(5), 351–365. CrossRef
Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Hirshfeld-Becker, D. R., Friedman, D., Robin, J. A., & Rosenbaum, J. F. (2001). Patterns of psychopathology and dysfunction in high-risk children of parents with panic disorder and major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(1), 49–57. CrossRef
Blatt, S. J. (2008). Polarities of experience: Relatedness and self-definition in personality development, psychopathology, and the therapeutic process. American Psychological Association. CrossRef
Blos, P. (1967). The second individuation process of adolescence. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 22(1), 162–186. CrossRef
Blos, P. (1979). Modifications in the classical psychoanalytical model of adolescence. Adolescent Psychiatry, 7, 6–25.
Boparai, S., Borelli, J. L., Partington, L., Smiley, P., Jarvik, E., Rasmussen, H. F., Lauren, C. S., & Nurmi, E. L. (2018). Interaction between the opioid receptor oprm1 gene and mother-child language style matching prospectively predicts children's separation anxiety disorder symptoms. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 82, 120–131. CrossRef
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. II. Separation, anxiety and anger. Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1988). Developmental psychiatry comes of age. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 1–10. CrossRef
Brunelli, S. A., & Hofer, M. A. (2007). Selective breeding for infant rat separation-induced ultrasonic vocalizations: Developmental precursors of passive and active coping styles. Behavioural Brain Research, 182(2), 193–207. CrossRef
Chelli, B., Pini, S., Abelli, M., Cardini, A., Lari, L., Muti, M., Gesi, C., Cassano, G. B., Lucacchini, A., & Martini, C. (2008). Platelet 18 kDa translocator protein density is reduced in depressed patients with adult separation anxiety. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 18(4), 249–254. CrossRef
Choe, A. Y., Kim, B., Lee, K. S., Lee, J. E., Lee, J. Y., Choi, T. K., & Lee, S. H. (2013). Serotonergic genes (5-HTT and HTR1A) and separation life events: Gene-by-environment interaction for panic disorder. Neuropsychobiology, 67(4), 192–200. CrossRef
Christenson, R. M., & Wilson, W. P. (1985). Assessing pathology in the separation-individuation process by an inventory: A preliminary report. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 173(9), 561–565. CrossRef
Coplan, J. D., Abdallah, C. G., Kaufman, J., Gelernter, J., Smith, E. L., Perera, T. D., Dwork, A. J., Kaffman, A., Gorman, J. M., Rosenblum, L. A., Owens, M. J., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2011). Early-life stress, corticotropin-releasing factor, and serotonin transporter gene: A pilot study. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36, 289–293. CrossRef
Coplan, J. D., Mathew, S. J., Abdallah, C. G., Mao, X., Kral, J. G., Smith, E. L., Rosenblum, L. A., Perera, T. D., Dwork, A. J., Hof, P. R., Gorman, J. M., & Shungu, D. C. (2010). Early-life stress and neurometabolites of the hippocampus. Brain Research, 1358, 191–199. CrossRef
Costa, B., Pini, S., Baldwin, D. S., Silove, D., Manicavasagar, V., Abelli, M., Coppede, F., & Martini, C. (2017). Oxytocin receptor and G-protein polymorphisms in patients with depression and separation anxiety. Journal of Affective Disorders, 218, 365–373. CrossRef
Costa, B., Pini, S., Gabelloni, P., Abelli, M., Lari, L., Cardini, A., Muti, M., Gesi C., Landi, S., Galderisi, S., Mucci, A., Lucacchini, A., Giovanni, B. C., & Martini, C. (2009). Oxytocin receptor polymorphisms and adult attachment style in patients with depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(10), 1506–1514. CrossRef
Costa, B., Pini, S., Martini, C., Abelli, M., Gabelloni, P., Landi, S., Muti, M., Gesi, C., Lari, L., Cardini, A., Galderisi, S., Mucci, A., Lucacchini, A., & Cassano, G. B. (2009). Ala147Thr substitution in translocator protein is associated with adult separation anxiety in patients with depression. Psychiatric Genetics, 19(2), 110–111. CrossRef
Delhaye, M., Kempenaers, C., Linkowski, P., Stroobants, R., & Goossens, L. (2012). Perceived parenting and separation-individuation in Belgian college students: Associations with emotional adjustment. The Journal of Psychology, 146(4), 353–370. CrossRef
Diorio, J., & Meaney, M. J. (2007). Maternal programming of defensive responses through sustained effects on gene expression. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 32(4), 275–284.Doyle, A. B. in Markiewicz, D. (2005). Parenting, marital conflict and adjustment from early-to mid-adolescence: Mediated by adolescent attachment style? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(2), 97–110. CrossRef
Eapen, V., Dadds, M., Barnett, B., Kohlhoff, J., Khan, F., Radom, N., & Silove, D. M. (2014). Separation anxiety, attachment and inter-personal representations: Disentangling the role of oxytocin in the perinatal period. PLoS One, 9(9), članek e107745. CrossRef
Frank, S. J., Pirsch, L. A., & Wright, V. C. (1990). Late adolescents' perceptions of their relationships with their parents: Relationships among deidealization, autonomy, relatedness, and insecurity and implications for adolescent adjustment and ego identity status. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 19(6), 571–588. CrossRef
Gadow, K. D., DeVincent, C. J., Olvet, D. M., Pisarevskaya, V., & Hatchwell, E. (2010). Association of DRD4 polymorphism with severity of oppositional defiant disorder, separation anxiety disorder and repetitive behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder. European Journal of Neuroscience, 32(6), 1058–1065. CrossRef
Gervai, J., Nemoda, Z., Lakatos, K., Ronai, Z., Toth, I., Ney, K., & Sasvari-Szekely, M. (2005). Transmission disequilibrium tests confirm the link between DRD4 gene polymorphism and infant attachment. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 132(1), 126–130. CrossRef
Golubchik, P., Sever, J., & Weizman, A. (2014). Methylphenidate treatment in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbid social phobia. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 29(4), 212–215. CrossRef
Gottschalk, M. G., & Domschke, K. (2017). Oxytocin and anxiety disorders. V R. Hurlemann in V. Grinevich (ur.), Behavioral Pharmacology of Neuropeptides: Oxytocin (vol. 35, str. 467–498). Springer. CrossRef
Herman, B. H., & Panksepp, J. (1981). Ascending endorphin inhibition of distress vocalization. Science, 211(4486), 1060–1062. CrossRef
Hofer, M. A. (1996). Multiple regulators of ultrasonic vocalization in the infant rat. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 21(2), 203–217. CrossRef
Holmbeck, G. N., & Leake, C. (1999). Separation-individuation and psychological adjustment in late adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 28(5), 563–581. CrossRef
Jackowski, A., Perera, T. D., Abdallah, C. G., Garrido, G., Tang, C. Y., Martinez, J., Sanjay, J. M., Gorman, J. M., Rosenblum, L. A., Smith, E. L. P., Dwork. A. J., Shungu, D. C., Kaffman, A., Gelertner, J., Coplan, J. D., & Kaufman, J. (2011). Early-life stress, corpus callosum development, hippocampal volumetrics, and anxious behavior in male nonhuman primates. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 192(1), 37–44. CrossRef
Jürgens, U. (2002). Neural pathways underlying vocal control. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 26(2), 235–258. CrossRef
Karataş, S., Puklek Levpušček, M., & Komidar, L. (2019). Demographic factors and individuation in relation to parents predicting attachment avoidance and anxiety in Turkish emerging adults. Current Psychology, 38(6), 1443–1455. CrossRef
Kavčič, T., & Zupančič, M. (2019). Types of separation-individuation in relation to mothers and fathers among young people entering adulthood. Journal of Youth Studies, 22(1), 66–86. CrossRef
Kealy, D., Rice, S. M., & Cox, D. W. (2020). Childhood adversity and depressive symptoms among young adults: Examining the roles of individuation difficulties and perceived social support. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 14(2), 241–246. CrossRef
Kenny, M. E. (1987). The extent and function of parental attachment among first-year college students. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16(1), 17–29. CrossRef
Kins, E., Beyers, W., & Soenens, B. (2013). When the separation-individuation process goes awry: Distinguishing between dysfunctional dependence and dysfunctional independence. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 37(1), 1–12. CrossRef
Kins, E., Soenens, B., & Beyers, W. (2012). Parental psychological control and dysfunctional separation-individuation: A tale of two different dynamics. Journal of Adolescence, 35(5), 1099–1109. CrossRef
Koepke, S., & Denissen, J. J. A. (2012). Dynamics of identity development and separation-individuation in parent-child relationships during adolescence and emerging adulthood - A conceptual integration. Developmental Review, 32(1), 67–88. CrossRef
Kossowsky, J., Pfaltz, M. C., Schneider, S., Taeymans, J., Locher, C., & Gaab, J. (2013). The separation anxiety hypothesis of panic disorder revisited: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(7), 768–781. CrossRef
Kroger, J. (1998). Adolescence as a second separation-individuation process. V E. Skoe in A. von der Lippe (ur.), Personality development in adolescence: A cross national and life span perspective (str. 172–192). Routledge.
Lapsley, D. K., Aalsma, M. C., & Varshney, N. M. (2001). A factor analytic and psychometric examination of pathology of separation-individuation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(7), 915–932. CrossRef
Lapsley, D. K., & Edgerton, J. (2002). Separation-individuation, adult attachment style, and college adjustment. Journal of Counseling & Development, 80(4), 484–492. CrossRef
Lapsley, D. K., & Stey, P. (2010). Separation-individuation. V I. Weiner in E. Craighead (ur.), Corsini's encyclopedia of psychology. Wiley. CrossRef
Lebowitz, E. R., Leckman, J. F., Feldman, R., Zagoory-Sharon, O., McDonald, N., & Silverman, W. K. (2016). Salivary oxytocin in clinically anxious youth: Associations with separation anxiety and family accommodation. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 65, 35–43. CrossRef
Lebowitz, E. R., Silverman, W. K., Martino, A. M., Zagoory-Sharon, O., Feldman, R., & Leckman, J. F. (2017). Oxytocin response to youth-mother interactions in clinically anxious youth is associated with separation anxiety and dyadic behavior. Depression and Anxiety, 34(2), 127–136. CrossRef
Levy-Warren, M. H. (1999). I am, you are, and so are we: A current perspective on adolescent separation-individuation theory. Adolescent Psychiatry, 24, 3–24.
Mahler, M. S., Pine, F., & Bergman, A. (1975). The psychological birth of the human infant: Symbiosis and individuation. Routledge.
Manicavasagar, V., & Silove, D. (1997). Is there an adult form of separation anxiety disorder? A brief clinical report. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 31(2), 299–303. CrossRef
Manicavasagar, V., Silove, D., Rapee, R., Waters, F., & Momartin, S. (2001). Parent-child concordance for separation anxiety: A clinical study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 65(1), 81–84. CrossRef
Mattanah, J. F., Hancock, G. R., & Brand, B. L. (2004). Parental attachment, separation-individuation, and college student adjustment: A structural equation analysis of mediational effects. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(2), 213–225. CrossRef
Mehta, D., Eapen, V., Kohlhoff, J., Mendoza Diaz, A., Barnett, B., Silove, D., & Dadds, M. R. (2016). Genetic regulation of maternal oxytocin response and its influences on maternal behavior. Neural Plasticity, 2016, članek 5740365. CrossRef
Milrod, B., Markowitz, J. C., Gerber, A. J., Cyranowski, J., Altemus, M., Shapiro, T., Hofer, M., & Glatt, C. (2014). Childhood separation anxiety and the pathogenesis and treatment of adult anxiety. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171(1), 34–43. CrossRef
Moles, A., Kieffer, B. L., & D'Amato, F. R. (2004). Deficit in attachment behavior in mice lacking the µ-opioid receptor gene. Science, 304(5679), 1983–1986. CrossRef
Ogliari, A., Citterio, A., Zanoni, A., Fagnani, C., Patriarca, V., Cirrincione, R., Stazi, M. A., & Battaglia, M. (2006). Genetic and environmental influences on anxiety dimensions in Italian twins evaluated with the SCARED questionnaire. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20(6), 760–777. CrossRef
Oler, J. A., Fox, A. S., Shelton, S. E., Rogers, J., Dyer, T. D., Davidson, R. J., Shelledy, W., Oakes, T. R., Blangero, J., & Kalin, N. H. (2010). Amygdalar and hippocampal substrates of anxious temperament differ in their heritability. Nature, 466, 864–868. CrossRef
Panksepp, J. (1991). Affective neuroscience: A conceptual framework for the neurobiological study of emotions. V K. Strongman (ur.), International review of studies on emotion (str. 59–99). Wiley.
Panksepp, J. (1992). Oxytocin effects on emotional processes: Separation distress, social bonding, and relationships to psychiatric disorders. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 652(1), 243–252. CrossRef
Panksepp, J. (1998). Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions. Oxford University Press.
Panksepp, J., & Biven, L. (2012). The archaeology of mind: Neuroevolutionary origins of human emotions. W. W. Norton.
Panksepp, J., Herman, B., Conner, R., Bishop, P., & Scott, J. P. (1978). The biology of social attachments: Opiates alleviate separation distress. Biological Psychiatry, 13, 607–618.
Panksepp, J., Normansell, L., Herman, B., Bishop, P., & Crepeau, L. (1988). Neural and neurochemical control of the separation distress call. V J. D. Newman (ur.), The physiological control of mammalian vocalization (str. 263–299). Springer. CrossRef
Pine, F. (1979). On the pathology of the separation individuation process as manifested in later clinical work: An attempt at delineation. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 60, 225–241.
Pini, S., Abelli, M., Shear, K. M., Cardini, A., Lari, L., Gesi, C., Muti, M., Calugi, S., Galderisi, S., Troisi, A., Bertolino, A., & Cassano, G. B. (2010). Frequency and clinical correlates of adult separation anxiety in a sample of 508 outpatients with mood and anxiety disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 122(1), 40–46. CrossRef
Pini, S., Martini, C., Abelli, M., Muti, M., Gesi, C., Montali, M. Chelli, B., Luccachini, A., & Cassano, G. B. (2005). Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor binding sites in platelets of patients with panic disorder associated to separation anxiety symptoms. Psychopharmacology, 181(2), 407–411. CrossRef
Preter, M., & Klein, D. F. (2008). Panic, suffocation false alarms, separation anxiety and endogenous opioids. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 32(3), 603–612. CrossRef
Roberson-Nay, R., Eaves, L. J., Hettema, J. M., Kendler, K. S., & Silberg, J. L. (2012). Childhood separation anxiety disorder and adult-onset panic attacks share a common genetic diathesis. Depression and Anxiety, 29(4), 320–327. CrossRef
Scaini, S., Ogliari, A., Eley, T. C., Zavos, H. M., & Battaglia, M. (2012). Genetic and environmental contributions to separation anxiety: A meta-analytic approach to twin data. Depression and Anxiety, 29(9), 754–761. CrossRef
Schiele, M. A., Costa, B., Abelli, M., Martini, C., Baldwin, D. S., Domschke, K., & Pini, S. (2018). Oxytocin receptor gene variation, behavioural inhibition, and adult separation anxiety: Role in complicated grief. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 19(6), 471–479. CrossRef
Schneier, F. R., Moskow, D. M., Choo, T. H., Galfalvy, H., Campeas, R., & Sanchez-Lacay, A. (2017). A randomized controlled pilot trial of vilazodone for adult separation anxiety disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 34(12), 1085–1095. CrossRef
Shear, K., Jin, R., Ruscio, A. M., Walters, E. E., & Kessler, R. C. (2006). Prevalence and correlates of estimated DSM-IV child and adult separation anxiety disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(6), 1074–1083. CrossRef
Sigel, E., & Steinmann, M. E. (2012). Structure, function, and modulation of GABAA receptors. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 287(48), 40224–40231. CrossRef
Silove, D. M., Marnane, C. L., Wagner, R., Manicavasagar, V. L., & Rees, S. (2010). The prevalence and correlates of adult separation anxiety disorder in an anxiety clinic. BMC Psychiatry, 10(1), 1–7. CrossRef
Smollar, J., & Youniss, J. (1989). Transformations in adolescents' perceptions of parents. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 12(1), 71–84. CrossRef
Smoller, J. W., Yamaki, L. H., Fagerness, J. A., Biederman, J., Racette, S., Laird, N. M., Kagan, J., Snidman, N., Faraone, S. V., Hirshfeld-Becker, D., Tsuang, M. T., Slaugenhaupt, S. A., Rosenbaum, J. F., & Sklar, P. B. (2005). The corticotropin-releasing hormone gene and behavioral inhibition in children at risk for panic disorder. Biological psychiatry, 57(12), 1485–1492. CrossRef
Spidel, A., Kealy, D., Kim, D., Sandhu, S., & Izbicki, A. (2021). Dysfunctional individuation in the clinic: Associations with distress and early parental responsiveness. Current Psychology, 1–9. CrossRef
Spinelli, S., Schwandt, M. L., Lindell, S. G., Newman, T. K., Heilig, M., Suomi, S. J., Higley, J. D., Goldman, D., & Barr, C. S. (2007). Association between the recombinant human serotonin transporter linked promoter region polymorphism and behavior in rhesus macaques during a separation paradigm. Development and Psychopathology, 19(4), 977–987. CrossRef
Stevenson-Hinde, J., & Marshall, P. J. (1999). Behavioral inhibition, heart period, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia: An attachment perspective. Child Development, 70(4), 805–816. CrossRef
Stey, P. C., Hill, P. L., & Lapsley, D. (2014). Factor structure and psychometric properties of a brief measure of dysfunctional individuation. Assessment, 21(4), 452–462. CrossRef
Tronick, E. Z., Als, H., Adamson, L., Wise, S., & Brazelton, T. B. (1978). The infant's response to entrapment between contradictory messages in face-to-face interaction. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 17, 1–13. CrossRef
Zubieta, J. K., Heitzeg, M. M., Smith, Y. R., Bueller, J. A., Xu, K., Xu, Y., Koeppe, R. A., Stohler, C. S., & Goldman, D. (2003). COMT val158met genotype affects µ-opioid neurotransmitter responses to a pain stressor. Science, 299(5610), 1240–1243. CrossRef
Žvelc, G. (2011). Razvojne teorije v psihoterapiji. Integrativni model medosebnih odnosov [Developmental theories in psychotherapy. Integrative model of interpersonal relationships]. Založba IPSA.
