This site uses cookies for user authentication, optional permanent login and monitoring the number of page views (Google Analytics).
Do you agree with cookies being used in accordance with our Privacy policy? You can change your decision regarding the use of cookies on the Privacy page.

I want to know more

Horizons of Psychology :: Psihološka obzorja

Scientific and Professional Psychological Journal of the Slovenian Psychologists' Association

Indexed in:
Scopus
PsycINFO
Academic OneFile

Member of DOAJ and CrossRef

sien
CONTENTS FOR AUTHORS ABOUT EDITORIAL BOARD LINKS

Search

My Account

Most viewed articles

 

« Back to Volume 32 (2023)

flag Pojdi na slovensko stran članka / Go to the article page in Slovene


Timing of transitions, their patterns, and antecedents from emerging to established adulthood in the context of a changing society

Katarína Millová

pdf Full text (pdf)  |  Views: 137  |  flagWritten in English.  |  Published: July 27, 2023

pdf https://doi.org/10.20419/2023.32.576  |  Cited By: CrossRef (0)

Abstract: This study focuses on life transition patterns and their psychosocial antecedents in a cohort of established adults who grew up during major macrosocial changes in the Czech society. The Generation 2020 longitudinal study followed former university students since 2007. The first wave occurred when the students were 18-32 years old; the second wave occurred when they were 29-43 years old. In the first wave, they completed questionnaires on identity styles, emotional control, and self-efficacy (in terms of perceived control). In the second wave, they completed the Life History Calendar, focusing on the timing of major life transitions: moving from the parental home, entry into cohabitation, marriage, parenthood, and regular employment. Latent class analysis revealed four patterns of life transitions: work-oriented singles, normative timing, family-oriented, and work-oriented group with delayed partnership and family. Further analysis showed that emotional control and self-efficacy were not related to any pattern of life transitions, but several identity styles were significant predictors, particularly for patterns related to the early timing of marriage and family. The results indicate a certain change in the patterns of life transitions compared to older age cohorts and the importance of self-concept for later psychosocial functioning.

Keywords: identity, control, life transition, macrosocial change, established adulthood


Cite:
Millová, K. (2023). Timing of transitions, their patterns, and antecedents from emerging to established adulthood in the context of a changing society. Psihološka obzorja, 32, 78–93. https://doi.org/10.20419/2023.32.576


Reference list


Arnett, J. J. (2012). New horizons on research in emerging and young adulthood. In A. Booth, S. L. Brown, N. S. Landale, W. D. Manning, & S. M. McHale (Eds.), Early adulthood in a family context (pp. 231–244). Springer. CrossRef

Arnett, J. J. (Ed.). (2015). The Oxford handbook of emerging adulthood. Oxford University Press. CrossRef

Berntsen, D., & Rubin, D. C. (2004). Cultural life scripts structure recall from autobiographical memory. Memory & Cognition, 32(3), 427–442. CrossRef

Berntsen, D., Rubin, D. C., & Siegler, I. C. (2011). Two versions of life: Emotionally negative and positive life events have different roles in the organization of life story and identity. Emotion, 11(5), 1190–1201. CrossRef

Berzonsky, M. D. (2011). A social-cognitive perspective on identity construction. In S. J. Schwartz, K. Luyckx, & V. L. Vignoles (Eds.), Handbook of identity theory and research (pp. 55–76). Springer Science. CrossRef

Berzonsky, M. D., Soenens, B., Luyckx, K., Smits, I., Papini, D. R., & Goossens, L. (2013). Development and validation of the revised Identity Style Inventory (ISI-5): Factor structure, reliability, and validity. Psychological Assessment, 25(3), 893–904. CrossRef

Brewer, S. K., Zahniser, E., & Conley, C. S. (2016). Longitudinal impacts of emotion regulation on emerging adults: Variable- and person-centered approaches. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 47, 1–12. CrossRef

Caprara, G. V., Caprara, M., & Steca, P. (2003). Personality's correlates of adult development and aging. European Psychologist, 8(3), 131–147. CrossRef

Caspi, A., Elder, G. H., Jr., & Bem, D. J. (1988). Moving away from the world: Life-course patterns of shy children. Developmental Psychology, 24(6), 824–831. CrossRef

Caspi, A., Moffitt, T., Thornton, A., Freedman, D., Amell, J. W., Harrington, H., Smeijers, J., & Silva, P. A. (1996). The Life History Calendar: A research and clinical assessment method for collecting retrospective event-history data. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 6(2), 101–114. CrossRef

Chaloupková, J. (2009). Výzkum životní dráhy a analýza sekvencí: Možnosti studia rodinných drah [Researching life course with sequence analysis: A new perspective for the study of family trajectories]. Data a výzkum - SDA Info, 3(2), 241–258. http://dav.soc.cas.cz/uploads/62353fbe76dccb35eaac00d30ecce31bd563b2e6_DaV09_2_pp241_258.pdf

Czech Statistical Office. (2008). Focus on women and men - 2008. CrossRef

Czech Statistical Office. (2013). Domácnosti podle Sčítání lidu, domů a bytů - Česká republika - 2011 [Households according to census - Czech Republic - 2011]. https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/domacnosti-podle-scitani-lidu-domu-a-bytu-2011-ceska-republika-2011-yarv3jgge2

Czech Statistical Office. (2017). Životní linie žen a mužů [Lifeline of women and men - 2017]. https://www.czso.cz/staticke/cz/app_estat/zeny_muzi/CZ_CS_womenmen_core_v1.0/bloc-1a.html?lang=cs

Czech Statistical Office. (2022). Fertility. https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/en/index.jsf?page=statistiky#katalog=33527

de Moor, E. L., Van der Graaff, J., Van Dijk, M. P. A., Meeus, W., & Branje, S. (2019). Stressful life events and identity development in early and mid-adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 76, 75–87. CrossRef

Dennissen, J. J. A., Asendorpf, J. B., & van Aken, M. A. G. (2008). Childhood personality predicts long-term trajectories of shyness and aggressiveness in the context of demographic transitions in emerging adulthood. Journal of Personality, 76(1), 67–99. CrossRef

Doumen, S., Smits, I., Luyckx, K., Duriez, B., Vanhalst, J., Verschueren, K., & Goossens, L. (2012). Identity and perceived peer relationship quality in emerging adulthood: The mediating role of attachment-related emotions. Journal of Adolescence, 35(6), 1417–1425. CrossRef

Eisenberg, M. E., Spry, E., & Patton, G. (2015). From emerging to established. Emerging Adulthood, 3(4), 277–281. CrossRef

Elder, G. H., Jr. (1998). The life course as developmental theory. Child Development, 69(1), 1–12. CrossRef

Eliason, S. R., Mortimer, J. T., & Vuolo, M. (2015). The transition to adulthood: Life course structures and subjective perceptions. Social Psychology Quarterly, 78(3), 205–227. CrossRef

Erikson, E. H. (2002). Dětství a společnost [Childhood and society.] Argo.

Eurostat. (2022a). Fertility indicators. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/demo_find/default/table?lang=en

Eurostat. (2022b). Mean age at first marriage by sex. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tps00014/default/table?lang=en

Eurostat. (2022c). Population by educational attainment level, sex and age. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/edat_lfs_9903/default/table?lang=en

Eurostat. (2022d). Population by sex, age and household status. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/cens_01nhtype/default/table?lang=en

Eurostat. (2022e). Share of live births outside marriage. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tps00018/default/table?lang=en

Field, A. P. (2016). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (4th ed.). Sage.

Furstenberg, F. F., Rumbaut, R. C., & Settersten, R. A., Jr. (2005). On the frontier of adulthood: Emerging themes and new directions. In R. A. Settersten Jr., F. F. Furstenberg, & R. C. Rumbaut (Eds.), On the frontier of adulthood: Theory, research, and public policy (pp. 3–25). University of Chicago Press. CrossRef

Galambos, N. L., Barker, E. T., & Krahn, H. J. (2006). Depression, self-esteem, and anger in emerging adulthood: Seven-year trajectories. Developmental Psychology, 42(2), 350–365. CrossRef

Gillernová, I., & Krejčová, L. (2008). Sociální dovednosti současných vysokoškolských studentů [Social skills of contemporary university students]. In L. Golecká, J. Gurňáková, & I. Ruisel (Eds), Sociálne procesy a osobnosť 2008. Zborník z konferencie (pp. 308–318). Ústav experimentálnej psychológie SAV.

Havighurst, R. J. (1972). Developmental tasks and education (3rd ed.). McKay.

Hoffert, S. L., & Goldscheider, F. (2010). Family structure and the transition to early parenthood. Demography, 47(2), 415–537. CrossRef

Holden, L., Hockey, R., Ware, R. S., & Lee, C. (2018). Mental health-related quality of life and the timing of motherhood: A 16-year longitudinal study of a national cohort of young Australian women. Quality of Life Research: An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation, 27(3), 923–935. CrossRef

Hřebíčková, M., Blatný, M., & Jelínek, M. (2010). Osobnost jako prediktor osobní pohody v dospělosti [Personality as a predictor of subjective well-being in adulthood]. Československá psychologie, 54(1), 31–41.

Ježek, S., Macek, P., & Lacinová, L. (2011). Adolescent development and Brno ELSPAC study. In S. Ježek, L. Lacinová, & P. Macek (Eds.), Adolescent psychosocial development in Brno: An ELSPAC study 2005-2011 (pp. 5–16). Masaryk University.

Johnson, W., McGue, M., Krueger, R. F., & Bouchard, T. J., Jr. (2004). Marriage and personality: A genetic analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 285–294. CrossRef

Juang, L. P., & Silbereisen, R. K. (2001). Family transitions for young adult women in the context of a changed Germany: Timing, sequence, and duration. American Behavioral Scientist, 44(11), 1899–1917. CrossRef

Kerr, M., Lambert, W. W., & Bem, D. J. (1996). Life course sequelae of childhood shyness in Sweden: Comparison with the United States. Developmental Psychology, 32(6), 1100–1105. CrossRef

Klicperová, M., Feierabend, I. K., & Hofstetter, C. R. (1997). In the search for a post-communist syndrome: A theoretical framework and empirical assessment. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 7(1), 39–52. CrossRef

Kokko, K., Pulkkinen, L., & Mesiäinen, P. (2009). Timing of parenthood in relation to other life transitions and adult social functioning. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 33(4), 356–365. CrossRef

Krahn, H. J., Chai, C.-A., Fang, S., Galambos, N. L., & Johnson, M. D. (2018). Quick, uncertain, and delayed adults: Timing, sequencing and duration of youth-adult transition in Canada. Journal of Youth Studies, 21(3), 905–921. CrossRef

Křivohlavý, J., Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1993). Czech adaptation of General Self-Efficacy Scale. Freie Universität Berlin. CrossRef

Lachman, M. E. (2004). Development in midlife. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 305–331. CrossRef

Levinson, D. J. (1986). A conception of adult development. American Psychologist, 41(1), 3–13. CrossRef

Luszczynska, A., Scholz, U., & Schwarzer, R. (2005). The General Self-Efficacy Scale: Multicultural validation studies. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 139(5), 439–457. CrossRef

Macek, P., Ježek, S., Lacnová, L., Bouša, O., Kvitkovičová, L., Neužilová Michalčáková, R., & Širůček, J. (2016). Emerging adults in the Czech Republic: Views into and across different domains of life. In R. Žukauskienė (Ed.), Emerging adulthood in a European context (pp. 175–201). Routledge.

Mayer, K. U. (2009). New directions in life course research (Working paper nr. 122). Mannhaeimer Zentrum für Europäische Sozialforschung.

Mehta, C. M., Arnett, J. J., Palmer, C. G., & Nelson, L. J. (2020). Established adulthood: A new conception of ages 30 to 45. American Psychologist, 75(4), 431–444. CrossRef

Mehta, C. M., & LaRiviere, K. (2022). "You have those adult responsibilities, but you're still getting your feet on the ground": The lived experience of established adulthood. Journal of Adult Development. Advance online publication. CrossRef

Millová, K. (2020). Životní tranzice v dospělosti z pohledu životní dráhy: Přehledová studie [Life transitions in adulthood from a life course perspective: A review study]. Psychologie a její kontexty, 11(1), 5–22. CrossRef

Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports. (2016). Eurostudent V: Zpráva z mezinárodního srovnání podmínek studentů vysokých škol v České republice [Eurostudent V: Report from the international comparison of terms and conditions of university students in the Czech Republic]. http://www.msmt.cz/uploads/odbor_30/TF/Analyticke_materialy/Eurostudent/Zprava_ze_setreni_EUROSTUDENT_V.pdf

Mortimer, J. T., Kim, M., Staff, J., & Vuolo, M. (2016). Unemployment, parental help, and self-efficacy during the transition to adulthood. Work and Occupations, 43(4), 434–465. CrossRef

Muthén, L., & Muthén, B. (1998-2019). Mplus user's guide. Muthén & Muthén.

Neugarten, B. L. (1979). Time, age, and the life cycle. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136(7), 887–894. CrossRef

Nylund, K. L., Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. O. (2007). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling, 14(4), 535–569. CrossRef

Nylund-Gibson, K., & Choi, A. Y. (2018). Ten frequently asked questions about latent class analysis. Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 4(4), 440–461. CrossRef

OECD. (2017). How's life in Czech Republic? https://www.oecd.org/statistics/Better-Life-Initiative-country-note-Czech-Republic.pdf

Oesterle, S., Hawkins, J. D., Hill, K. G., & Bailey, J. A. (2010). Men's and women's pathways to adulthood and their adolescent precursors. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(5), 1436–1453. CrossRef

Osgood, D. W., Ruth, G., Eccles, J. S., Jacobs, J. E., & Barber, B. L. (2005). Six paths to adulthood: Fast starters, parents without careers, educated partners, educated singles, working singles, and slow starters. In R. A. Settersten, Jr., F. F. Furstenberg, Jr., & R. G. Rumbaut (Eds.), On the frontier of adulthood: Theory, research, and public policy (pp. 320–355). University of Chicago Press. CrossRef

Räikkönen, E., Kokko, K., Chen, M., & Pulkkinen, L. (2012). Patterns of adult roles, their antecedents and psychosocial wellbeing among Finns born in 1959. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, 3(2), 211–227. CrossRef

Räikkönen, E., Kokko, K., & Rantanen, J. (2011). Timing of adult transitions: Antecedents and implications for psychological functioning. European Psychologist, 16(4), 314–323. CrossRef

Ramos, V. (2018). Transitions to adulthood and generational change in Portugal. Societies, 8(2), 1–18. CrossRef

Ravanera, Z. R., Rajulton, F., & Burch, T. K. (2004). Patterns of age variability in life course transitions. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 29(4), 527-542. CrossRef

Reich, W. A., Harber, K. D., & Siegel, H. I. (2008). Self-structure and well-being in life transitions. Self and Identity, 7(2), 129–150. CrossRef

Reifman, A., & Niehuis, S. (2022). Extending the five psychological features of emerging adulthood into established adulthood. Journal of Adult Development. Advance online publication. CrossRef

Reis, O., Dörnte, M., & von der Lippe, H. (2011). Neuroticism, social support, and the timing of first parenthood: A prospective study. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(3), 381–386. CrossRef

Riggio, R. E., & Carney, D. R. (2003). Social Skills Inventory manual (2nd ed). Mind Garden.

Salmela-Aro, K., Kiuru, N., Nurmi, J.-E., & Eerola, M. (2011). Mapping pathways to adulthood among Finnish university students: Sequences, patterns, variations in family- and work-related roles. Advances in Life Course Research, 16(1), 25–41. CrossRef

Settersten, R. A., Jr. (2007). The new landscape of adult life: Road maps, signposts, and speed lines. Research in Human Development, 4(3-4), 239–252. CrossRef

Scholz, U., Doña, B. G., Sud, S., & Schwarzer, R. (2002). Is general self-efficacy a universal construct? Psychometric findings from 25 countries. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 18(3), 242–251. CrossRef

Schoon, I., Chen, M., Kneale, D., & Jager, J. (2012). Becoming adults in Britain: Lifestyles and well-being in times of social change. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, 3(2), 173–189. CrossRef

Schulenberg, J., & Schoon, I. (2012). The transition to adulthood across time and space: Overview of special section. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, 3(2), 164–172. CrossRef

Schunk, D. H. (1994). Self-regulation of self-efficacy and attributions in academic settings. In D. H. Schunk & B. J. Zimmerman (Eds.), Self-regulation of learning and performance: Issues and educational applications (pp. 75–99). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. CrossRef

Shanahan, M. J. (2000). Pathways to adulthood in changing societies: Variability and mechanisms in life course perspectives. Annual Review of Sociology, 26(August), 667–692. CrossRef

Smits, I., Berzonsky, M. D., Soenens, B., Luyckx, K., Goossens, L., Kunnen, S., & Bosma, H. (2008). The Identity Style Inventory - 4: Internal research report. Catholic University Leuven.

Smits, I., Doumen, S., Luyckx, K., Duriez, B., & Goossens, L. (2011). Identity styles and interpersonal behavior in emerging adulthood: The intervening role of empathy. Social Development, 20(4), 664–684. CrossRef

Štyglerová, T. (2015, January 19). Spolu, s dětmi, ale bez oddacího listu [Together, with children, but no marriage certificate]. Statistika & My Magazín Českého statistického úřadu. https://www.statistikaamy.cz/2015/01/19/spolu-s-detmi-ale-bez-oddaciho-listu/

Tang, S. (1997). The timing of home leaving: A comparison of early, on-time, and late home leavers. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 26(1), 13–22. CrossRef

Thompson, R. A. (2011). Emotion and emotion regulation: Two sides of the developing coin. Emotion Review, 3(1), 53–61. CrossRef

Weller, B. E., Bowen, N. K., & Faubert, S. J. (2020). Latent class analysis: A guide to best practice. Journal of Black Psychology, 46(4), 287–311. CrossRef

Wrosch, C., & Freund, A. M. (2001). Self-regulation of normative and non-normative developmental challenges. Human Development, 44(5), 264–283. CrossRef

Ziegelmann, J. P., & Lippke, S. (2007). Use of selection, optimization, and compensation strategies in health self-regulation: Interplay with resources and successful development. Journal of Aging and Health, 19(3), 500–518. CrossRef

Zimmermann, P., & Iwanski, A. (2014). Emotion regulation from early adolescence to emerging adulthood and middle adulthood: Age differences, gender differences, and emotion-specific developmental variations. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 38(2), 182–194. CrossRef


« Back to Volume 32 (2023)