Go to the article page in English / Pojdi na angleško stran članka
Uvod v kognitivni trening
Polno besedilo (pdf) | Ogledi: 68 | 
Napisan v slovenščini. | Objavljeno: 7. maj 2021
https://doi.org/10.20419/2021.30.539 | Citati: CrossRef (0)
Povzetek: V zadnjih nekaj desetletjih se je izredno povečalo zanimanje za kognitivni trening in njegovo uporabo. Kognitivni trening (KT), ki je pogosto omenjen tudi kot umovadba, možganski trening ipd., opredeljujemo kot vodeno vadbo specifičnih nalog, običajno strukturiranih, z namenom izboljšanja umskih sposobnosti. Posamezniki lahko vadijo različne kognitivne procese, od pozornosti do različnih vrst spomina, izvršilnih sposobnosti, hitrosti procesiranja informacij in reševanja problemov. V tem članku je predstavlje-nih nekaj temeljnih značilnosti KT. Po kratki predstavitvi zgodovinskega ozadja KT sledi opis osnovnih parametrov KT, povzetih po metaanalizi Lampita idr. (2014). Posebej je predstavljen računalniški KT in njegove prednosti. Večina članka je namenjena razpravi o kriterijih za opredelitev uspešnosti kognitivnih treningov, s poudarkom na trajanju učinkov KT in daljnem transferu, tj. izboljšanju tistih umskih sposobnosti, ki niso bile neposredno vključene v KT. Omenjena je tudi nevroplastičnost kot možganska podlaga KT. Članek zaključuje, da bo potrebnih še veliko študij, ki bodo natančneje preučile vse potrebne lastnosti KT za dober, učinkovit in trajnejši uspeh, kakor tudi študij, ki bodo natančneje preučile izbor izhodnih mer za zanesljivo in veljavno merjenje učinkov KT. Področje KT je kljub vsemu obetavno področje psihologije, nevroznanosti in sorodnih disciplin, ki lahko veliko prispeva posamezniku in družbi.
Ključne besede: kognitivni trening, transfer, daljni transfer, nevroplastičnost
Citiraj:
Kavčič, V. (2021). Uvod v kognitivni trening [Introduction to cognitive training]. Psihološka obzorja, 30, 26–33. https://doi.org/10.20419/2021.30.539
Seznam literature v članku
Anguera, J. A. in Gazzaley, A. (2015). Video games, cognitive exercises, and the enhancement of cognitive abilities. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 4, 160–165. CrossRef
Bäckman, L., Nyberg, L., Soveri, A., Johansson, J., Andersson, M., Dahlin, E., Neely, A. S., Virta, J., Laine, M. in Rinne, J. O. (2011). Effects of working-memory training on striatal dopamine release. Science, 333(6043), 718. CrossRef
Bahar-Fuchs, A., Martyr, A., Goh, A. M., Sabates, J. in Clare, L. (2019). Cognitive training for people with mild to moderate dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. CrossRef
Ballesteros, S., Mayas, J., Prieto, A., Toril, P., Pita, C., Ponce De León, L., Reales, J. M. in Waterworth, J. A. (2015). A randomized controlled trial of brain training with non-action video games in older adults: Results of the 3-month follow-up. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 7, 1–12. CrossRef
Beck, C., Heacock, P., Mercer, S., Thatcher, R. in Sparkman, C. (1988). The impact of cognitive skills remediation training on persons with Alzheimer's disease or mixed dementia. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21(1), 73–88.
Belleville, S., Clement, F., Mellah, S., Gilbert, B., Fontaine, F. in Gauthier, S. (2011). Training-related brain plasticity in subjects at risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. Brain, 134(6), 1623–1634. CrossRef
Belleville, S., Mellah, S., de Boysson, C., Demonet, J. F. in Bier, B. (2014). The pattern and loci of training-induced brain changes in healthy older adults are predicted by the nature of the intervention. PloS One, 9(8), članek e102710. CrossRef
Boyke, J., Driemeyer, J., Gaser, C., Büchel, C. in May, A. (2008). Training-induced brain structure changes in the elderly. Journal of Neuroscience, 28(28), 7031–7035. CrossRef
Brehmer, Y., Li, S.-C., Straube, B., Stoll, G., von Oertzen, T., Müller, V. in Lindenberger, U. (2008). Comparing memory skill maintenance across the life span: Preservation in adults, increase in children. Psychology and Aging, 23(2), 227–238. CrossRef
Bürki, C. N., Ludwig, C., Chicherio, C. in de Ribaupierre, A. (2014). Individual differences in cognitive plasticity: An investigation of training curves in younger and older adults. Psychological Research, 78(6), 821–835. CrossRef
Buschkuehl, M., Jaeggi, S. M., Hutchison, S., Perrig-Chiello, P., Däpp, C., Müller, M., Breil, F., Hoppeler, H. in Perrig, W. J. (2008). Impact of working memory training on memory performance in old-old adults. Psychology and Aging, 23(4), 743–753. CrossRef
Carlson, M. C., Erickson, K. I., Kramer, A. F., Voss, M. W., Bolea, N., Mielke, M., McGill, S., Rebok, G. W., Seeman, T. in Fried, L. P. (2009). Evidence for neurocognitive plasticity in at-risk older adults: The experience corps program. The Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biomedical Sciences and Medical Sciences, 64(12), 1275–1282. CrossRef
Chambon, C., Herrera, C., Romaiguere, P., Paban, V. in Alescio-Lautier, B. (2014). Benefits of computer-based memory and attention training in healthy older adults. Psychology and Aging, 29, 731–743. CrossRef
Chapman, S. B., Aslan, S., Spence, J. S., Hart, J. J., Jr., Bartz, E. K., Didehbani, N., Keebler, M. W., Gardner, C. M., Strain, J. F., DeFina, L. F. in Lu, H. (2015). Neural mechanisms of brain plasticity with complex cognitive training in healthy seniors. Cerebral cortex, 25(2), 396–405. CrossRef
Colzato, L. S., van den Wildenberg, W. P., Zmigrod, S. in Hommel, B. (2013). Action video gaming and cognitive control: Playing first person shooter games is associated with improvement in working memory but not action inhibition. Psychological Research, 77(2), 234–239. CrossRef
Diller, L., Weinberg, J., Gordon, W., Goodkin, R., Gerstman, L. J. in Ben-Yishay, Y. (1974). Studies in cognition and rehabilitation in hemiplegia. Behavioral Science, Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University Medical Center.
Elias, J. W. in Wagster, M. V. (2007). Developing context and background underlying cognitive intervention/training studies in older populations. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 62, 5–10. CrossRef
Hannan, A. J. (2014). Environmental enrichment and brain repair: Harnessing the therapeutic effects of cognitive stimulation and physical activity to enhance experience‐dependent plasticity. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, 40(1), 13–25. CrossRef
Hering, A., Rendell, P. G., Rose, N. S., Schnitzspahn, K. M. in Kliegel, M. (2014). Prospective memory training in older adults and its relevance for successful aging. Psychological Research, 78(6), 892–904. CrossRef
Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Shah, P. in Jonides, J. (2014). The role of individual differences in cognitive training and transfer. Memory & Cognition, 42(3), 464–480. CrossRef
Jaeggi, S. M., Studer-Luethi, B., Buschkuehl, M., Su, Y. F., Jonides, J. in Perrig, W. J. (2010). The relationship between n-back performance and matrix reasoning-implications for training and transfer. Intelligence, 38(6), 625–635. CrossRef
Katz, B., Shah, P. in Meyer, D. E. (2018). How to play 20 questions with nature and lose: Reflections on 100 years of brain-training research. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(40), 9897–9904. CrossRef
Kavčič, V. (2015). Umovadba: Za bistre možgane v poznih letih [Mind training: For sharp brains in old age]. Miš.
Lampit, A., Hallock, H., Suo, C., Naismith, S. L. in Valenzuela, M. (2015). Cognitive training-induced short-term functional and long-term structural plastic change is related to gains in global cognition in healthy older adults: A pilot study. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 7, članek 14. CrossRef
Lampit, A., Hallock, H. in Valenzuela, M. (2014). Computerized cognitive training in cognitively healthy older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of effect modifiers. PLoS Medicine, 11(11), članek e1001756. CrossRef
Lövdén, M., Schaefer, S., Noack, H., Bodammer, N. C., Kühn, S., Heinze, H. J., Düzel, E., Bäckman, L. in Lindenberger, U. (2012). Spatial navigation training protects the hippocampus against age-related changes during early and late adulthood. Neurobiology of Aging, 33(3), 620.e9-620.e22. CrossRef
Mahncke, H. W., Connor, B. B., Appelman, J., Ahsanuddin, O. N., Hardy, J. L., Wood, R. A., Joyce, N. M., Boniske, T., Atkins, S. M. in Merzenich, M. M. (2006). Memory enhancement in healthy older adults using a brain plasticity based training program: A randomized, controlled study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(33), 12523–12528.
Marusic, U., Giordani, B., Moffat, S. D., Petrič, M., Dolenc, P., Pišot, R. in Kavcic, V. (2018). Computerized cognitive training during physical inactivity improves executive functioning in older adults. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 25(1), 49–69. CrossRef
Marusic, U. in Grosprêtre, S. (2018). Non-physical approaches to counteract age-related functional deterioration: Applications for rehabilitation and neural mechanisms. European Journal of Sport Science, 18(5), 639–649. CrossRef
Marusic, U., Kavcic, V., Giordani, B., Gerževič, M., Meeusen, R. in Pišot, R. (2015). Computerized spatial navigation training during 14 days of bed rest in healthy older adult men: Effect on gait performance. Psychology and Aging, 30(2), 334–340. CrossRef
Marusic, U., Kavcic, V., Pisot, R. in Goswami, N. (2019). The role of enhanced cognition to counteract detrimental effects of prolonged bed rest: Current evidence and perspectives. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, članek 1864. CrossRef
Marusic, U., Verghese, J. in Mahoney, J. R. (2018). Cognitive-based interventions to improve mobility: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 19(6), 484–491. CrossRef
Morrison, A. B. in Chein, J. M. (2011). Does working memory training work? The promise and challenges of enhancing cognition by training working memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18(1), 46–60. CrossRef
Mozolic, J. L., Hayasaka, S. in Laurienti, P. J. (2010). A cognitive training intervention increases resting cerebral blood flow in healthy older adults. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 4, članek 16. CrossRef
Neely, A. S., Vikström, S. in Josephsson, S. (2009). Collaborative memory intervention in dementia: Caregiver participation matters. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 19(5), 696–715. CrossRef
Nyberg, L. (2005). Cognitive training in healthy aging: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. V R. Cabeza, L. Nyberg in D. Park (ur.), Cognitive neuroscience of aging: Linking cognitive and cerebral aging (str. 309–321). Oxford University Press. CrossRef
Park, D. C. in Bischof, G. N. (2013). The aging mind: Neuroplasticity in response to cognitive training. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 15(1), 109–119. CrossRef
Pišot, R., Marusic, U., Biolo, G., Mazzucco, S., Lazzer, S., Grassi, B., Reggiani, C., Taniolo, L., di Prampero, P. E., Passaro, A., Narici, M., Mohammed, S., Rittweger, J., Gasparini, M. Gabrijelčič Blenkuš, M. in Šimunič, B. (2016). Greater loss in muscle mass and function but smaller metabolic alterations in older compared with younger men following 2 wk of bed rest and recovery. Journal of Applied Physiology, 120(8), 922–929.
Sala, G., Aksayli, N. D., Tatlidil, K. S., Tatsumi, T., Gondo, Y. in Gobet, F. (2019). Near and far transfer in cognitive training: A second-order meta-analysis. Collabra: Psychology, 5(1), članek 18. CrossRef
Schwaighofer, M., Fischer, F. in Bühner, M. (2015). Does working memory training transfer? A meta-analysis including training conditions as moderators. Educational Psychologist, 50(2), 138–166. CrossRef
Simons, D. J., Boot, W. R., Charness, N., Gathercole, S. E., Chabris, C. F., Hambrick, D. Z. in Stine-Morrow, E. A. (2016). Do "brain-training" programs work? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 17(3), 103–186. CrossRef
Soavi, C., Marušič, U., Sanz, J. M., Morieri, M. L., Dalla Nora, E., Šimunič, B., Pišot, R., Zuliani, G. in Passaro, A. (2016). Age-related differences in plasma BDNF levels after prolonged bed rest. Journal of Applied Physiology, 120(10), 1118–1123. CrossRef
Stern, Y., Blumen, H., Rich, L., Richards, A., Herzberg, G. in Gopher, D. (2011). Space fortress game training and executive control in older adults: A pilot intervention. Aging Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 18, 653–677. CrossRef
Taatgen, N. A. (2013). The nature and transfer of cognitive skills. Psychological Review, 120(3), 439–471. CrossRef
Takeuchi, H., Sekiguchi, A., Taki, Y., Yokoyama, S., Yomogida, Y., Komuro, N., Yamanouchi, T., Suzuk, S. in Kawashima, R. (2010). Training of working memory impacts structural connectivity. Journal of Neuroscience, 30(9), 3297–3303. CrossRef
Thorndike, E. L. (1917). The Principles of teaching. AG Seiler. https://archive.org/details/principlesofteac00thor/page/220/mode/2up
Toril, P., Reales, J. M., Mayas, J. in Ballesteros, S. (2016). Video game training enhances visuospatial working memory and episodic memory in older adults. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10, članek 206. CrossRef
Willis, S. L., in Schaie, K. W. (2009). Cognitive training and plasticity: Theoretical perspective and methodological consequences. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, 27(5), 375–389. CrossRef
Willis, S. L., Tennstedt, S. L., Marsiske, M., Ball, K., Elias, J., Koepke, K. M., Morris, J. N., Rebok, G. W., Unverzagt, F. W., Stoddart, A. M. in Wright, E. (2006). Long-term effects of cognitive training on everyday functional outcomes in older adults. Jama, 296(23), 2805–2814. CrossRef
Wolf, D., Tüscher, O., Teipel, S., Mierau, A., Strüder, H., Drzezga, A., Baier, B., Binder, H., Fellgiebel, A. in the German AgeGain study group. (2018). Mechanisms and modulators of cognitive training gain transfer in cognitively healthy aging: Study protocol of the AgeGain study. Trials, 19, 337. CrossRef
Zarit, S. H., Cole, K. D. in Guider, R. L. (1981). Memory training strategies and subjective complaints of memory in the aged. The Gerontologist, 21(2), 158–164. CrossRef
Zelinski, E. M., Spina, L. M., Yaffe, K., Ruff, R., Kennison, R. F., Mahncke, H. W. in Smith, G. E. (2011). Improvement in memory with plasticity‐based adaptive cognitive training: Results of the 3‐month follow‐up. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 59(2), 258–265. CrossRef
Zinke, K., Zeintl, M., Rose, N. S., Putzmann, J., Pydde, A. in Kliegel, M. (2014). Working memory training and transfer in older adults: Effects of age, baseline performance, and training gains. Developmental Psychology, 50(1), 304–315. CrossRef
